Dysarthria Flashcards
(23 cards)
What are the different subsets of dysarthria? x6
- Spastic dysarthria
- Hypokinetic dysarthria
- Ataxic dysarthria
- Flaccid dysarthria
- Hyperkinetic dysarthria
- Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron (UUMN) lesion
What is the site of lesion and related aetiology for hypokinetic dysarthria?
Basal ganglia control circuit
Related to Parkinson’s Disease, Vascular parkinsonism
What are the characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria?
- ‘Too little movement’
- Reduced facial expression
- Resting tremor of lips, jaw and tongue
- Bradykinesia (slow movement)
- Akinesia (inability to voluntary move)
- Rigidity
- Sensory-perceptual deficits
What are the effects on speech regarding hypokinetic dysarthria?
Articulation, resonance, phonation, respiration, prosody?
*Articulation: imprecise consonants, palilia
*Resonance: mild hypernasality
*Phonation: harsh or breathy voice, low volume and pitch
*Respiration: shallow breathing resulting in reduced number of words per breath
*Prosody: monopitch, monoloudness, reduced stress, short rushes of speech, inappropriate silences, variable rate
What is the site of lesion and related aetiology for hyperkinetic dysarthria?
Site of lesion: basal ganglia control circuit, damage caused to cerebellar control circuit and brainstem structures
Main aetiologies: Huntington’s Disease, brainstem stroke, Tourette’s syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, spasmodic dysphonia, essential tremor
What are some characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria?
*‘Too much movement’
*Normal speech is interfered with abnormal involuntary movements that interrupt/slow down speech
*Abnormal movements: rhythmic or irregular, predictable or unpredictable, fast or slow
What are the effects on speech regarding hyperkinetic dysarthria?
Articulation, resonance, phonation, respiration, prosody?
*Articulation: variable articulatory imprecision
*Resonance: usually normal but occasional hypernasality
*Phonation: voice stoppages, strained/breathy voice
Respiration: unexpected inhalations and exhalations results in short utterances
*Prosody: excessive variation loudness, variable rate and pitch, prolonged intervals between words and syllables, inappropriate silences, prolonged phonemes
What is the site of lesion and related aetiology for ataxic dysarthria?
Site of lesion: cerebellar control circuit
Main aetiologies: stroke, TBI, Friedrich’s Ataxia
What are the characteristics of ataxic dysarthria?
*Reduced control of motor movements
*Poorly timed and uncoordinated movements
*‘Drunken’ speech quality
What are the effects on speech regarding ataxic dysarthria?
Articulation only
Articulation: imprecise consonants, irregular articulatory breakdowns, distorted vowels, more apparent in multisyllabic words, prolonged phonemes
What are the effects on speech regarding ataxic dysarthria?
Resonance and phonation only
Resonance - intermittent hyponasality
Phonation - harsh vocal or vocal tremor
What are the effects on speech regarding ataxic dysarthria?
Respiration only
Uncoordinated breathing patterns, short phrases, loudness variation
What are the effects on speech regarding ataxic dysarthria?
Prosody only
Excess and equal stress, prolonged intervals between syllables and words, slow rate of speech, monopitch, monoloudness or excessive variation
What is the site of lesion and related aetiology for spastic dysarthria?
Site of lesion: bilateral upper motor neuron damage
Aetiologies: stroke (in both brain hemispheres), TBI, degenerative disease, cerebral palsy
What are the characteristics regarding spastic dysarthria?
*Difficulty initiating movement
*Muscle weakness
*Slowness of movement
*Spasticity/excessive muscle tone and overactive reflexes
*Reduced range of movement
What are the effects on speech regarding spastic dysarthria?
*Articulation: imprecise consonants, distorted vowels, prolonged phonemes
*Resonance: hypernasality
*Phonation: stenosis, strangled/strangled voice, low pitch, harshness, pitch breaks
*Prosody: excess, equal or reduced stress, slow rates, short phrases, monopitch, monoloudness
What is the site of lesion and related aetiology for unilateral upper motor neuron (UUMN) dysarthria?
Site of lesion: damage to the upper motor neuron on one side of the brain
Aetiology: stroke (in one brain hemisphere)
What are the characteristics of unilateral upper motor neuron (UUMN) dysarthria?
*Lack of speech changes
*Weakness on one side of the lower face and lips, flattened nasolabial fold, corner of the mouth droops
*Weakness on one side of the tongue?
Why is there a lack of speech changes regarding UUMN dysarthria?
The vast majority of cranial nerves are bilaterally inverted.
Damage is only on one side of the brain.
What are the effects on speech regarding UUMN dysarthria?
Articulation: imprecise labial and lingual phonemes
Prosody: slow rate, vocal quality, pitch and resonance may be affected
What is the site of lesion and related aetiology for flaccid dysarthria?
Site of lesion: bilateral or unilateral damage to the lower motor neurons
Aetiology: MND, multiple systems atrophy, brainstem stroke, muscular dystrophy etc.
What are the characteristics regarding flaccid dysathria?
*Muscle weakness, reduced tone, diminished reflexes
*Can be present with atrophy and fasciculations
*Floppy muscles
*Muscles rapidly weaken over time then recover after resting
What is the effect on speech regarding flaccid dysarthria?
Articulation, resonance, phonation, respiration, prosody?
*Articulation: imprecise consonants (depending on which cranial nerve is damaged)
*Resonance: hypernasality, nasal emission
*Phonation: incomplete adduction of the vocal folds, breathy/harsh voice
*Respiration: weak respiration muscles, audible inspiration, low volume, reduced number of words per breath
*Prosody: monopitch, monoloudness, low volume, slow rate
