Dyspnoea

Question 1

Pneumothorax:
causes (3)
Diagnosis (2)
Treatment (3)

Answer 1

causes:

• traumatic
• secondary to cysts/necrosis
• iatrogenic

diagnosis:

• increased resonance on ausculation
• heart raised of sternum on x ray

Treatment:

• none
• drain
• surgery (lobectomy/pleurodesis)

Question 2

Pleural Effusion: kinds and causes

Answer 2

transudate: hypoalbumaemia

modified transudate:

• CHF
• neoplasia
• lung lobe torsion
• ruptured diaphragm

haemorrhare: trauma/clotting disorder

Question 3

pyothorax/ exudative pleurisy cause

Answer 3

Intrapleural bacterial infection

Question 4

Pyothorax/exudative pleurisy CS

Answer 4

• dyspnoea ± lethargy, inappetence, pyrexia, anorexia
• ventral thorax dullness
• ± leucocytosis
• ± anaemia

Question 5

Pyothorax/exudative pleurisy causes (5)

Answer 5

causes:

• pneumonia
• penetrating wound
• haematogenous/lymphatic
• FB
• iatrogenic

Question 6

Pyothorax/exudative pleurisy treatment (4)

Answer 6

• thoracic drainage
• systemic ± local ABs
• pleural lavage
• thoracotomy

Question 7

Pyothorax/exudative pleurisy bacteria

Answer 7

cats: bacteroides, fusobacterium, clostridia, pasteurella, step, staph
dogs: actinomyces, norcardia, bacterioides

Question 8

Chylous affusion causes (5)

Answer 8

• neoplasia
• trauma
• congenital
• congestive HF in cats
• idiopathic

Question 9

Chylous affusion treatment (5)

Answer 9

• drain
• put on low fat diet
• diuretics (especially CHF)
• rutin (aids fluid absorption
• surgery: thoracic duct ligation and peridectemy

Question 10

Diagnosis of Pleural disease

Answer 10

radiographs: lose cardiac silhoette & irregular lung loves
US
CT/MRI
pleural fluidology and culture
biopsy

Question 11

Mediastinal masses: physical effects (6)

Answer 11

• venous obstruction
• dyspnoea (plerual effusion/airway compression/space occupying/laryngeal paralysis)
• dysphagia
• horners syndrome
• hypertropic osteopathy
• myestenia gravis

Question 12

Causes of dyspnoea

• general (7)
• pulmonary (7)

Answer 12

• pneumonthorax
• pleural effusions
• mediastinal masses
• megaoesophagous
• pneumomediastinum
• mediastinitis
• mediastinal haemorrhage

pulmonary:

• neoplasia
• fibrosis
• pneumonia
• paraquat
• oedema
• haemorrhage
• PTE

Question 13

Pulmonary Fibrosis disease

Answer 13

middle-old aged dogs
gradual onset with progressive deteriorisation
can be secondary

Question 14

Pulmonary Fibrosis CS (5)

Answer 14

• dyspnoea
• tachypnoea
• exercise intollerance
• cough
• crackles on auscultation

Question 15

Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment (2)

Answer 15

Anti inflammatory (glucocortiocids/cyclophosphamide)
bronchodilators

Question 16

Paraquat poisoning

• what
• CS
• disease
• prognosis

Answer 16

in herbicides
causes sever dyspnoea
initial alveolitis leads to fibrosis
hopeless prognosis

Question 17

Pneumonia causes (7)

Answer 17

• megaoesophagous
• viral (feline calicivirus, pox, distemper, adeno, parainflluenza)
• bacterial (bordetella, strep, mycobacterium)
• parasitic (ascarids, alurostrogylus, angiostrongylus)
• mycotic
• protozoal (tozoplasma)
• ciliary dyskinesia
• immundefiecnecy

Question 18

Pneumonia treament (3)

Answer 18

• ABs
• hydration: releases secretions to cough up
• NSAIDs?

Question 19

Pulmonary oedema causes (4)

Answer 19

• cardiogenic
• toxic
• anaphylaxis/shock
• neurogenic

Question 20

Pulmonary Oedema treatment (3)

Answer 20

• diuretics
• oxygen
• treat underlying cause

Question 21

Pulmonary haemorrhage causes (4)

Answer 21

• trauma
• coagulopathies
• pulmonary thromboembolism
• angiostrongylus vasorum

Question 22

Pulmonary thromboembolism causes (6)

Answer 22

• heart worm
• nephrotic syndrome (loss of AT3)
• bacterial endocarditis
• hyperadrenocorticoism (cushings)
• IMHA
• iatrogenic

Question 23

Pulmonary thromboembolism CS (3)

Answer 23

• dyspnoea
• hypoxaemia
• sudden death

Question 24

Pulmonary thromboembolism treatment (2)

Answer 24

• heparin

- thrombolysis

Question 25

Pulmonary thromboembolism diagnosis

Answer 25

by exclusion

Question 26

laryngeal paralysis - causes (3) - treatment (1)

Answer 26

causes: neurological -muscular -neuromuscular treatment: surgical unless neurmuscular

Question 27

Tracheal collapse CS (3)

Answer 27

- cough - dyspnoea - secondary respiratory disease

Question 28

Tracheal collapse management - acute (5) - chronic (6)

Answer 28

acute: - acetylpromazine - oxygen - cool environment - short acting corticosteroids - opioids chronic: - control obesity - use harness - avoid exercising when hot - environment hygiene - avoid respiratory infections - avoid barking and excitement

Question 29

Tracheal collapse treatment (6)

Answer 29

- antitussives (butorphanol/codeine photphate) - bronchodilators - methylxanthines - B-adrenergic agonists (terbutaline) - anti inflammatory (corticosteroid) - ABs

Question 30

Feline asthma CS (2) management acute (2) and chronic (3)

Answer 30

CS: dyspnoea and cough acute: - Bronchodialtor (terbutaline/salbutamol/adrenaline/atropine - Corticosteroids (methylprednisilone/dexamethasone) chronic: - Bronchodilator (salbutamol/salmeterol/terbualin/theophyline) - ABs (doxycycline/enrofloxacin) - Corticosteroids (Prednisilone)