Dyspraxia Flashcards
(74 cards)
Describe the small world model in the context of brain network organization.
The small world model describes the brain as a network that combines local clustering with long-range connections, enabling efficient information transfer while minimizing energy costs.
How do nodes function within the brain’s network architecture?
Nodes represent distinct brain regions or functional areas and act as processing centers for specific cognitive functions.
Define modules in the context of brain network architecture.
Modules are collections of densely interconnected nodes that form specialized functional units, enabling efficient local processing.
What role do hubs play in brain networks?
Hubs are modules that connect to other modules and clusters, critical for the integration of information across networks.
Explain the consequences of damage to hubs in the brain.
Damage to hubs can lead to widespread dysfunction, where information can still be processed but cannot be acted upon.
How does the brain’s network architecture support both specialized functions and global connectivity?
The brain’s network architecture features both segregated and integrated processing, allowing for specialized functions while maintaining global connectivity.
What is the significance of the brain operating as a small world network?
The significance lies in its ability to facilitate efficient information transfer and minimize energy costs, which is crucial for cognitive functioning.
Identify the characteristics of nodes in the brain’s network.
Nodes are peripheral connection points that represent distinct brain regions or functional areas and serve as processing centers for cognitive functions.
Discuss the importance of modules in brain processing.
Modules are important because they consist of densely interconnected nodes that allow for efficient local processing, enhancing the brain’s functional capabilities.
What happens to information processing when hubs are damaged?
When hubs are damaged, information can still be processed, but the ability to act on that information is compromised.
Describe the Default Mode Network (DMN) and its key regions.
The Default Mode Network (DMN) includes key regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (pCC), and precuneus. It is involved in mental image processing, episodic memory retrieval, and imagining future events.
How does the DMN function during rest?
The DMN is active during rest and is considered a task-negative network associated with ‘stimulus independent thought’, promoting internal cognitive processes in the absence of immediate external stimulation.
Define ideomotor and ideational deficits related to the DMN.
Ideomotor deficit refers to the difficulty in translating a mental image into intended motor action, while ideational deficit involves difficulty in constructing a mental image to follow while performing an intended motor action.
What is the role of the Frontoparietal Network (FPN)?
The Frontoparietal Network (FPN) is responsible for modulating behavioral responses, creating context for analysis and interpretation, and guiding decisions and interactions with the environment.
How does dysfunction in the FPN affect cognitive abilities?
Dysfunction in the FPN is linked to motor planning deficits and cognitive impairments, such as attention control issues and difficulties in decision making.
Describe the function of the Salience Network (SN).
The Salience Network (SN) identifies and interprets external stimuli, including body sensations, leading to reactions and adaptations to sensory experiences.
What types of information does the Salience Network integrate?
The Salience Network integrates sensory and emotional information, which is crucial for responding to various stimuli.
Identify the primary areas excluded from the DMN, FPN, and SN.
The primary areas excluded from the DMN, FPN, and SN include V1 (visual cortex), M1 (primary motor cortex), and S1 (primary somatosensory cortex).
Describe how adaptations can influence perception and cognition in individuals with dyspraxia.
Adaptations can affect planning and decision-making processes by impacting attention, emotional processing, and sensory interpretation.
Define the primary and secondary dysfunctions associated with dyspraxia.
Primary dysfunctions include attention deficit and awareness, emotional processing difficulties, and sensory interpretation deficits.
How does attention deficit affect individuals with dyspraxia?
Attention deficit impacts alertness and sustained attention, making it challenging to differentiate important stimuli.
Explain the role of the anterior insula (aINS) in sensory interpretation for individuals with dyspraxia.
The anterior insula serves as a primary sensory integration hub, helping to integrate sensory information and identify important sensory input.
What are the core characteristics of apraxia as a disconnection syndrome?
Core characteristics include impaired motor planning and execution, preserved basic motor abilities, and difficulty with learned movements despite intact strength and coordination.
List the main symptoms commonly observed in cases of apraxia.
Main symptoms include aphasia, deficits in sequential movement (ADLs), difficulties with tool use, impaired imitation, and problems with gesture production.
