E&K chapter 14 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Inductive reasoning
Forming generalizations (that may be probable but are not certain) from examples or sample phenomena.
Deductive reasoning:
Reasoning to a conclusion from a set of premises or statements where that conclusion follows necessarily from the assumption the premises are true.
- Conditional reasoning:
A form of deductive reasoning based on “if…then” propositions.
Informal reasoning:
A form of reasoning based on one’s relevant knowledge and experience rather than logic.
Confirmation:
The attempt to obtain evidence that confirms or supports one’s hypothesis.
Falsification:
Proposing hypothesis and then trying to falsify them by experimental tests; the logically correct means by which scientists should work, according to Popper (1968).
Confirmation Bias:
In hypothesis testing, seeking evidence that supports one’s beliefs.
Matching bias:
The tendency on the Wason selection task to select cards matching the items explicitly mentioned in the rule.
Deontic Rules:
Rules relating to obligation and permissibility.
Syllogism:
In syllogistic reasoning, the tendency to accept invalid but believable conclusions and reject valid but unbelievable ones.
Mental Models:
An internal representation of some possible situation or event in the world having the same structure as that situation or event. Se noter for mere info.
Principles of truth:
The notion that assertions are represented by forming mental models concerning what is true while ignoring what is false.
Meta-reasoning:
Monitoring processes that influence the time, effort and strategies used during reasoning problem solving.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG):
A non-invasive brain scanning technique based on recording the magnetic field generated by brain activity; it has good spatial and temporal resolution.
Straw man fallacy:
Refuting an opponent’s views by misrepresenting them in some way.
Ad hominem fallacy:
Discrediting an argument by attacking the person making the argument.
Solution aversion:
A bias in reasoning in which individuals deny the existence of a problem (e.g climate change) because they dislike the proposed solution (e.g restricting damaging emissions).
Myside Bias:
In informal reasoning, the tendency to select and interpret information in terms of one’s own beliefs or to generate reasons or arguments supporting those beliefs.
Slippery-slope argument:
The claim that an innocuous first step will lead to an undesirable outcome; sometimes regarded as a fallacy.
Bounded rationality:
The notion that people are as rational as the environment and their limited processing capacity permit.
Norvatism:
The notion that human thinking should be regarded as “correct” or “incorrect” depending on how closely it follows certain norms or standards (e.g those of classical logic).
Instrumental rationality:
Maximizing the utility (subjective value) of one’s choices or decision with respect to achieving task-related goals.
Dunning-Krueger effect:
The finding that less skilled individuals overestimate their abilities more than those who are more skilled.
Fluid intelligence:
Non-verbal reasoning ability to novel problems.
