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A2 LEVEL 9700 > E+R > Flashcards

E+R Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Why do living organisms need energy?

A

To work!

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2
Q

Anabolic reactions in organisms

A

Eg: protein synthesis, synthesis
of glycogen (glycogenesis), DNA
replication, polymerisation

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2
Q

work done by organisms example

A

Anabolic reactions
Active transport
Movement
Maintenance of a constant body temperature
Bioluminescence / electrical
discharge

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2
Q

Movement in organisms

A

Eg: Muscle contraction,
cilia/flagella, movement of
chromosomes

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2
Q

Active transport in organisms

A

Eg: Na+- K+ pump, movement of
vesicles in exo/endocytosis

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3
Q

Maintenance of a constant body
temperature in organisms

A

in “warm-blooded animals”
i.e. endotherms

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4
Q

Bioluminescence / electrical
discharge in organisms

A

E.g. in jellyfish, electric eels

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5
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate
* It is a phosphorylated nucleotide

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6
Q

ATP 3 components

A

1) Adenine (organic, nitrogenous base)
2) Ribose sugar (pentose sugar)
3) Three phosphate groups

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7
Q

adenosine (nucleoside)

A

adenine + ribose sugar

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8
Q
A

ATP

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9
Q

Characteristics of ATP:

A
  • Small
  • Water-soluble
    → Easily transported around the cell
  • Readily hydrolysed / lose phosphate to release energy
  • Small packets of energy released at one time
  • ATP can be synthesised and broken down quickly
    → High turnover rate

This makes it ideal as an energy currency
in all organisms

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Roles/Functions of ATP:

A

a) The universal link/intermediate energy molecule
* Between energy-giving reactions and energy-requiring reactions

  • Example of energy-giving reactions: aerobic respiration aka
    complete oxidation of glucose
    → Gives a large quantity of energy of 2870 kJ per mole of glucose
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12
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP →

A

Energy

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13
Q

why are energy transfers considered inefficient

A

→Excess energy is lost at different stages in the multi-step reaction
→As thermal/heat energy

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

ATP is the energy

A

currency’ of the cell
* Energy giving/yielding-reactions are linked to production of ATP
first, then energy-requiring reactions

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16
Q
  • Energy storage molecules
A

store energy in the form of chemical
potential energy

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17
Q

short term energy storage

A

glucose, sucrose

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18
Q

long term energy storage

A

glycogen, starch,
triglyceride

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19
Q

ATP AKA

A

Immediate donor of energy

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20
Q

why is ATP called immediate source of energy

A

To reactions requiring energy

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21
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP →

A

Energy

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22
Chemical equation of ATP hydrolysis:
23
At rest, we use about
40kg of ATP in 24hours
24
Removal of 1st phosphate group from
ATP → ADP →30.5 kJmol-1 energy released
25
Removal of 2nd phosphate group from
ADP → AMP →30.5 kJmol-1 energy released
26
Removal of last phosphate group from
AMP → Adenosine →14.2 kJmol-1 energy released
27
28
ATP is synthesized from
energy-yielding reactions * E.g. oxidation of glucose in cellular respiration OR light dependent stage in photosynthesis * In a series of reactions
29
What is respiration?
* Process where…. * Organic molecules (such as glucose, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids) * Are broken down in a series of stages * To release energy * Which is used to synthesise ATP
30
two types of respiration
1) Aerobic respiration 2) Anaerobic respiration
31
32
Aerobic Respiration
* Breakdown of organic molecules (i.e. glucose, but fatty acids, glycerol and amino acids too!) * To release energy * Which is used to synthesise ATP * In the presence of oxygen
33
34
4 stages in aerobic respiration of glucose
1) Glycolysis 2) Link Reaction 3) Krebs Cycle 4) Oxidative Phosphorylation
35
glycolysis location
cytoplasm
36
link reaction location
Mitochondrial matrix
37
krebs cycle location
Mitochondrial matrix
38
oxidative phosphorylation location
Inner mitochondrial membrane / cristae
39
Oxidation of Glucose
40
IRL oxidation of glucose in cellular respiration is a
multi-step reaction * Each step: releasing a small quantity of energy (ATP)
41
Why use small, multiple steps?
1)Allow precise control 2) Cells could not fully harness total energy released if all were made available at one instan
42
Why doesn’t the reaction happen easily?
Because….glucose is quite a stable substance →It requires a high activation energy for reaction to take place
43
how to overcome reactions not happening easily
a) Usage of enzymes to lower activation energy b) Raising energy level of glucose by phosphorylation →More reactive
44
glycolysis steps
45
glyco
46
glycolysis at cytoplasm
* Lysis of glucose * Multi-step process * Involves many enzymes at each step
47
initial reactants of glycolysis
* 1 Glucose (6C) * 2 ATP * 4 ADP, 2 NAD
48
Final products per molecule of glucose:
* 2 Pyruvate (3C) * 2 NADH * 4 ATP →But 4 - 2 = net gain of 2 ATP only
49
Hydrogen Carrier Molecules aka
hydrogen acceptor
50
3 hydrogen acceptor molecules
NAD NADP FAD
51
NAD
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (used in respiration)
52
NADP
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (used in photosynthesis)
53
FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide (used in respiration)
54
hydrogen acceptor molecules are called
coenzymes
55
coenzymes
a non-protein complex organic substance that is required for an enzyme's activity.
56
NAD full form
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
57
NAD is a
coenzyme
58
NAD is a H carrier molecule used in
respiration
59
structure of NAD
* Two linked nucleotides * Both have ribose sugar and a phosphate group each * 1 has adenine base, the other nicotinamide ring * Nicotinamide ring – accepts H
60
61
function of NAD
* H carrier molecule in respiration * Carry hydrogens from all stages of respiration (Stage 1 2 3) * To take part in oxidative phosphorylation (Stage 4) where most ATP is synthesised
62
reduced NAD
63
NADP full form
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
64
NADP is a
coenzyme
65
NADP is used in
photosynthesis
66
NADP is a different form of
NAD
67
structure of NADP
* Similar to NAD NAD * But has a phosphate group instead of H on carbon 2 on ribose ring with adenine
68
FAD full form
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
69
FAD is a
coenzyme
70
FAD used in
respiration
71
FAD use
* Used to carry H produced in Krebs Cycle (Stage 3) only →Then used in oxidative phosphorylation (Stage 4)
72
structure of FAD
* Two linked nucleotides * One nucleotide with phosphate, ribose and adenine * Another nucleotide with phosphate, ribitol and flavin
73
Link reaction steps
74
link reaction
75
What is coenzyme A?
* Complex molecule * Made of a nucleoside (adenine + ribose) and a vitamin (pantothenic acid)
76
function of coenzyme A
* Carry acetyl groups (2C) to Krebs Cycle (Stage 3)
77
inital reactants of link reaction
* 1 Pyruvate (3C) * 1 NAD * 1 CoA
78
final products per molecule of pyruvate in link reaction
* 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) * 1 NADH * 1 CO2 → waste gas, released
79
1 molecule of glucose is oxidised by link reaction into
2 pyruvate
80
final products per molecule of glucose
* 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) * 2 NADH * 2 CO2 →waste gas, released
81
krebs cycle AKA
citric acid cycle / tricarboxylic acid cycle
82
krebs cycle is a
enzyme controlled pathway
83
krebs cycle steps
1) Acetyl coenzyme A (2C) →combines with oxaloacetate (4C) →To form citrate (6C) →CoA removed and can be used again in Link Reaction (Stage 2 2) Citrate (6C) goes through series of dehydrogenation and decarboxylation →7steps, by products of each step are 1. Nothing 2. Reduced NAD and CO2 3. Reduced NAD and CO2 4. ATP 5. Reduced FAD 6. Nothing 7. Reduced NAD 3) Oxaloacetate (4C) regenerated →Can combine with another acetyl CoA →Kreb cycle continues
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85
oxaloacetate
4C
86
Acetyl CoA
2C
87
citrate
6C
88
Initial reactants: of krebs cycle
* 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) * 1 Oxaloacetate (4C) * 1 ADP, 3 NAD and 1 FAD
89
Final products per molecule of acetyl CoA: (This is 1 turn of the Krebs Cycle)
* 3 NADH * 1 FADH2 * 2 CO2 → waste gas, released * 1 ATP * Oxaloacetate (4C) → regenerated
90
Final products per molecule of glucose: (This is 2 turns of the Krebs Cycle)
* 6 NADH * 2 FADH2 * 4 CO2 →waste gas, released * 2 ATP * Oxaloacetate (4C) → regenerated twice
91

A2 LEVEL 9700 (10 decks)

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