E1 Flashcards
Identify five characteristics of development identified by the life-span perspective.
- Multi-directional
- Multi-contextual
- Multicultural
- Multidisciplinary
- Plasticity
Describe the three domains (biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial) into which human development is often separated.
- BIOSOCIAL: physical development. brain development.
- COGNITIVE: memory. thinking skills.
- PSYCHOSOCIAL: social develoment and emotional development.
List and describe the basic steps of the scientific method; Describe scientific observation, correlation, and the experiment as research strategies.
- Begin with curiosity.
- Develop a hypothesis.
- Test the hypothesis.
- Draw conclusions.
- Report the results.
Scientific Observation in Scientific Method
Scientific Observation requires researchers to record behavior systematically and objectively.
Correlation in Scientific Method
a correlation exists between two variables if one variable is more or less likely to occur when the other does. it is positive if both variables tend to increase together or decrease together. its negative if one variable tends to increase while the other decreases, and zero if no connection is evident.
Experiment as research strategies in Scientific Method.
Many participants, measured on many characteristics, including the dependent variable (AKA the behavior being studied). there is two equal groups. One the Experimental group. Two, the Control Group. The first group, Experimental is given special treatment known as the independent variable which then has significant change in the dependent variable and has a predicted outcome. the second group, control is given no special treatment. Which has no change in the dependent variable.
Describe Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems approach to the study of human development, and explain how this approach leads to an understanding of the overlapping contexts in which people develop.
Scientific Observation requires researchers to record behavior systematically and objectively.
Discuss the major focus of psychoanalytic theories.
Freud believed that Inner drives and motives are the foundation of this theory. These basic underlying forces are thought to influence every aspect of thinking and behavior, from the smallest details of daily life to the crucial choices of a lifetime
Discuss the major focus of behaviorism.
Emphasizes the learning process. types of learning are:
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING , OPERANT CONDITIONING, and SOCIAL LEARNING
Discuss the social learning theory as an extension of behaviorism.
social learning is when learning occurs through modeling what others do. the result is observed behaviors become copied behaviors.
Identify the focus of cognitive theory, and briefly describe Piaget’s concepts of assimilation and accommodation.
cognitive theory is where each person’s ideas and beliefs are crucial. Intellectual advancement occurs because humans seek cognitive equilibrium, that is, a state of mental balance. An easy way to achieve this balance (called assimilation) is to interpret new experiences through the lens of preexisting ideas. Sometimes, however, a new experience is jarring and incomprehensible. That causes disequilibrium. disequilibrium leads to cognitive growth because it forces people to reassess their old concepts (called accommodation) to include the new information.
Discuss the basic ideas of Vygotsky and the sociocultural theory of development.
human development is the result of dynamic interaction of developing persons with their surrounding culture.
Discuss the basic ideas of epigenetic theory.
genes never function alone. environment can impact.
Acknowledges power instincts and abilities that arise from our biological heritage. Every aspect of development involves gene - environment interactions. epi-surrounding factors that affect expression of genetic instruction.
Identify the mechanisms of heredity, and explain how sex is determined.
the mechanism of heredity must be located in the gametes. Since only the head of the sperm enters the egg and since the head is the nucleus of the sperm it is reasonable to state that the nucleus of the male gamete is the bearer of paternal characters.
Forty-five of a human’s 46 chromosomes are equally likely to be inherited by a boy or a girl. That includes both halves of the first 22 pairs (called autosomes) and one half of the 23rd pair (the X). Thus, sex and gender are irrelevant for 97.8 percent of who we are, genetically.
Distinguish between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
monozygotic twins also known as identical twins multiples originate from the same zygote, they have virtually identical genetic instructions for physical appearance, psychological traits, vulnerability to diseases, and everything else. Dizygotic twins also called fraternal twins originate from two zygotes created by two ova fertilized by two sperm. they have half of their genes in common.
Differentiate genotype from phenotype; Explain the dominate / recessive pattern that some traits follow.
The genotype is the beginning of diversity; the phenotype is the actual manifestation of it, the result of “multiple interactions among numerous genetic and environmental factors” If a gene is expressed, the influence of many environmental factors determines the particulars of that expression.
Less common are nonadditive genes, which do not contribute equal shares. In one nonadditive form alleles interact in a dominant-recessive pattern. Then for a pair of genes (one from each parent), one gene, called dominant, is far more influential than the other, called recessive. When someone has a recessive gene that is not expressed that person is a carrier of that gene. The recessive gene is carried on the genotype.
Describe common chromosomal abnormalities: Down syndrome.
The sperm and ova do not always carry exactly 23 chromosomes; about half of all zygotes have more than or fewer than 46 chromosomes. The most common extra-chromosome condition that results in a surviving child is Down syndrome, with three chromosomes at the 21st site.
Prenatal Development: Trimesters
trimesters. Months 1, 2, and 3 are called the first trimester. in this first trimester, the building of basic structures occur.
months 4, 5, and 6 are the second trimester during this time, brain development is extensive. digestive and excretory systems are formed. and its the time of “age of viability”
months 7, 8, and 9, are the third trimester during this, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems take final form. the sleep and wake patterns occur at month 4. and the baby gains about five and half pounds.
Prenatal Development: age of viability
happens around 24 weeks. this is the age in which the infant has some chance of survival our in the world with medical help.
Prenatal Development: stages of pregnancy
First stage: In the first 2 weeks or prenatal development, its called a zygote.
Second stage: at weeks 2 to 8. its called an embryo. this is the most rapid changing in organs period.
Third state: around 9 weeks to the end about 40 its called a fetus. this is the longest period.
Describe the significant developments of the germinal period, embryonic period, and the fetal period. Also describe what develops or is significant in each trimester.
GERMINAL PERIOD is the first 14 days. the zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception. development of the placenta.
EMBRYONIC PERIOD: from the third to the eighth week. the embryo follows a sequence of specific fast order. this is the most rapid change in the organism. three layers of tissue develops and folds in the middle. these layers become skin. the muscle and nerves system are created. a tube like structure called the neural tube become the brain and spinal chord later on.
FETAL PERIOD: from the 9th to final week. the fetus forms genitals and sex hormones. fully formed at 12 weeks weighing 3 ounces. this period has the greatest brain growth between the fourth and sixth months.
Explain the main goal of teratology, and discuss several factors that determine whether a specific teratogen will be harmful.
one goal is to teratology are to describe and determain etiology. another goal is to explore mechanisms involved in the production of birth defects. the last goal is to devise means of prevention.
teratogens are any agent or condition including viruses and drugs, resulting in birth defects or complications. behavioral teratogens are agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning.
Describe the effects of alcohol on the developing embryo or fetus.
alcohol can case fetal alcohol syndrome (known as FAS). embryos exposed to mother’s heavy drinking can develop fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). abnormalities include:
- facial deformities (like low set ears or wide spaced eyes.
- defective limbs, face, or heart (like short stature limbs).
- most are below average intelligence (like brain impacts)
- poor social skills.
Describe the effects of nicotine on the developing embryo or fetus.
Nicotine can cause:
- pregnancy related problems
- respiratory problems
- S.I.D.S
- A.D.H.D
- low birth weight
- learning disabilities.
