E1 Basics, Metabolis, Regulation, And Bioenergetics Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Describe the structure of a carbonyl.
A
Carbon double bond Oxygen
2
Q
What is the common structure of an amino?
A
NH2
3
Q
Describe the structure of an aldehyde?
A
Carbonyl, Hydrogen, and R group
4
Q
Describe the structure of a ketone?
A
Carbonyl with 2 R groups
5
Q
What is the common structure of an ester?
A
Carbonyl bond to R group and Oxygen, R group bond to Oxygen
6
Q
What are the two common structures of a carboxyl?
A
COOH; carbonyl bond to OH and R group
7
Q
What is the common structure of a hydroxyl?
A
OH
8
Q
What is the common structure of a methyl?
A
CH3
9
Q
Describe the structure of a phosphate.
A
PO4
10
Q
Describe the structure of a thioester.
A
Carbonyl bond to an R group and Sulfur and an R group bond to the Sulfur
11
Q
NAD+ and NADH is a derivative of what vitamin?
A
Niacin/ Vitamin B3
12
Q
NAD+ is the ________ form and an electron _______.
A
Oxidized; acceptor
13
Q
NADH is the ________ form and is an electron ________.
A
Reduced; donor
14
Q
FAD and FADH2 are derivatives of what vitamin?
A
Riboflavin; Vitamin B2
15
Q
FAD is the ________ form and is an electron ________.
A
Oxidized; acceptor
16
Q
FADH2 is the ________ form and is an electron ________.
A
Reduced; donor
17
Q
Coenzyme A/CoA is a derivative of what vitamin?
A
Pantothenic acid; Vitamin B5
18
Q
What is the function of CoA?
A
Hold and transfers acetyl or acyl groups
19
Q
What bond is associated with coenzyme A?
A
Thioester bond
20
Q
What is the purpose of breaking the thioester bond on CoA?
A
Liberates chemical energy and that energy can be coupled to another reaction
21
Q
Adenosine triphosphate/ATP is considered the _______ _______ of the cell.
A
Energy currency
22
Q
What are the high energy phosphate compound/nucleotides?
A
ATP, GTP, UTP, TTP, CTP
23
Q
Are most enzymes carbs, lipids, or protein?
A
Protein
24
Q
Will enzymes lower or raise the activation energy of a reaction?
A
Lower
25
Since enzymes will not be "used up" meaning we will make more if needed, they are considered to be what?
Inducible
26
What does inducible mean?
Enzyme that is normally present in minute quantities within a cell, but whose concentration increased dramatically when a substrate compound is added.
27
What are the two requirements for enzymes?
Activity depends on structure and some need cofactors/coenzymes
28
Are cofactors organic or inorganic? What are some examples?
Inorganic; Iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc
29
Are coenzymes simply or complexly organic? What are some examples?
Complex; biotin, CoA, Vitamin B12, FAD, NAD+, pyridoxal phosphate
30
What does the classification of enzymes depend on?
The reaction they catalyze
31
Define Kinase.
Add a phosphate
32
Define mutase.
Shift a group on a molecule
33
Define phosphorylase.
Remove a phosphate
34
Define synthase/synthetase.
Building
35
Define isomerase.
Rearrange the atoms
36
Define dehydrogenase.
Oxidize/reduce something (redox)
37
________ is the loss of electrons and ________ is the gain of electrons.
Oxidation; Reduction
38
In oxidation, what will you gain and what will you lose?
Gain- oxygen; Lose- hydrogen and electrons
39
In reduction, what will you gain and what will you lose?
Gain- hydrogen and electrons; Lose- oxygen
40
What are four ways glucose-6-phosphate will be used in metabolism?
Gluconeogenesis, pentode phosphate pathway, eventually make ATP, glycogen synthesis and breakdown
41
Catabolism is to Anabolism as ________ is to ________.
Breakdown; Building
42
True or False- Proteins becoming amino acids is a form of anabolism.
False- catabolism
43
True of False- Anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller molecules, therefore are energy producing pathways.
False
44
Catabolic pathways are ________ reactions that require oxidized coenzymes.
Oxidation
45
What are the oxidized coenzymes for a catabolic pathway?
NAD+ and FAD
46
Are catabolic pathways exergonic or endergonic?
Exergonic
47
What does it mean to be exergonic?
Release energy; have what we need to proceed
48
Anabolic pathways are ________ reactions that require reduced coenzymes.
Reduction
49
What are the reduced coenzymes for anabolic pathways?
NADH, NADPH
50
Are anabolic pathways exergonic or endergonic?
Endergonic
51
What does it mean to be endergonic?
Require energy to proceed; need electron donors
52
Define glycolysis.
Breakdown of glucose.
53
Is glycolysis an anabolic or catabolic reaction?
Catabolic
54
What are the reactants of glycolysis? Products?
R- glucose; P- 2 pyruvate and ATP
55
Define gluconeogenesis.
Synthesis or glucose
56
Is gluconeogenesis an anabolic or catabolic reaction?
Anabolic
57
What are the reactants for gluconeogenesis? Products?
R- 2 Pyruvate and ATP; P: glucose
58
True or False- the failure of homeostatic mechanisms is often at the root of human disease.
True
59
What are the three functions of key regulatory enzymes/rate limiting steps?
1. Affect the rate of entire pathway 2. Respond to signals 3. Direct our metabolism
60
What are the two types of modifications of regulatory enzymes?
Allosteric and Covalent
61
What is covalent modification?
Modify the structure of the enzyme and phosphorylation
62
What is allosteric modification?
Additional binding sites, can inhibit or stimulate
63
Describe phosphorylation.
Phosphorylate a key enzymes via protein kinases which alters the structure and function
64
Give examples of enzymes that do phosphorylation.
Glycogen phosphorylase kinase/phosphotase
65
Where will fatty acid synthesis occur?
Cytosol
66
Where will beta oxidation occur?
Mitochondrial Matrix
67
Will increased concentration of the reactant stimulate or inhibit a pathway/reaction?
Stimulate
68
Will decreased concentration of the reactant stimulate or inhibit a pathway/reaction?
Inhibit
69
Will increased concentration of the product stimulate or inhibit a pathway/reaction?
Inhibits
70
Will decreased concentration of the product stimulate or inhibit a pathway/reaction?
Stimulate
71
What are the three hormone signals required in maintaining the state of the cell?
Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine/norepinephrine
72
What hormone is released in response to high blood sugar?
Insulin
73
Your body has low blood sugar, what hormone is secreted?
Glucagon
74
True or False- Glucagon stimulates that pathways that can use or store glucose.
False- Insulin
75
What is the function of insulin? Glucagon?
Lowers blood glucose; raises blood glucose
76
When will insulin be released in carbohydrate metabolism?
Increased glucose transport, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis
77
When will insulin be released in lipid metabolism?
Increased FA and triacylglycerol synthesis and uptake of TG into adipose tissue from the blood
Decreased lipolysis in adipose and FA oxidation in muscle and liver
78
When will insulin be released in protein metabolism?
Increased rate of aa transport and protein synthesis
| Decrease in protein breakdown
79
What are the functions of epinephrine/norepinephrine in hormone regulation?
Act as neurotransmitters and hormones, regulate fuel metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle, responds to acute stress
80
Insulin and glucagon are what type of hormones?
Peptide hormones
81
Insulin and Glucagon are secreted by what organ?
Pancreas
82
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are what type of hormones?
Catecholamines
83
Catecholamines are secreted by what gland?
Adrenal glands
84
When peptide hormones and Catecholamines bind to receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells, the cause the generation of what?
2nd messenger
85
What will the generation of 2nd messenger change?
The activity of an enzyme to direct the cell's metabolism
86
Signal hormone stimulate adenylyl cyclase to produce ________ (2nd messenger) and stimulate _________ ________ and will affect activity of an enzyme by ________.
Cyclic AMP; protein kinase; phosphorylation
87
When ATP is available, what type of pathways is stimulated?
Synthesis (fatty acid, cholesterol, glycogen, glucose, nucleotide)
88
When we need to make ATP, what type of pathway is stimulated?
Energy producing pathways (glycolysis, ATP-PC, fatty acid oxidation, aa oxidation, aerobic system- Krebs cycle, ETS)
89
High ATP:ADP= ________ energy.
| High ADP:ATP= ________ energy.
High; Low
90
AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK) is affected by the concentration of what?
AMP
91
An increase in AMP will cause AMPK to do what?
Phosphorylate.
92
When AMPK phosphorylates key enzymes it will stimulate and inhibit what pathways?
Stimulate- energy producer pathways (glucose transport, glycolysis, and beta oxidation)
Inhibit- synthesis pathways
93
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Conservation of energy; energy cannot be created or destroyed
94
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
Disorder; universe tends to move towards disorder
95
Define entropy.
Disorder of components in a chemical system
96
As disorder increases, the entropy number will become more positive or negative?
Positive
97
Define enthalpy.
Heat content in the chemical reaction
98
The enthalpy number will become more positive or negative in a reaction that releases heat?
Negative
99
Heat releasing rxn is Heat absorbing rxn as ________ is to _________.
Exothermic; Endothermic
100
Can entropy or enthalpy alone determine if a reaction will proceed?
No
101
When entropy and enthalpy work together, what will they will determine?
Free energy
102
What can free energy determine?
Whether or not a reaction can proceed spontaneously
103
How do you calculate Gibbs Free energy?
Enthalpy - Entropy
104
A negative delta G will imply a net loss of energy. Will this reaction proceed spontaneously? What type of reaction is it?
Yes; exergonic
105
A positive delta G implies a net gain of energy. Will this reaction proceed spontaneously? What type of reaction is it?
NO- need energy to proceed; Endergonic
106
What does it mean if the delta G is 0?
Reactants are at equilibrium
107
True or False- reaction will continue until delta g is 0.
True
108
Will the free energy be positive or negative if the reactants have higher energy than the products?
Negative
109
Will the free energy be positive or negative if the reactants have lower energy than the products?
Positive
110
What is standard free energy?
Constant number for a given reaction that tells us how much free energy is available (e.g. pH=7.0)
111
Will the reaction proceed if the exergonic delta G= -10 and the endergonic delta G is +3?
-10 + 3= -7 ... YES
112
Glucose --> Glucose 6 Phosphate= 3,300 (endergonic)
ATP --> ADP= -7,300 (exergonic)
Will this coupled reaction proceed?
Yes. delta G= -4,000
113
The energy available from ATP can be used for what three things?
1. Coupling with endergonic reactions
2. Transport molecules against a concentration gradient
3. Mechanical motion (muscle contraction)
114
At rest, how many kilogram of ATP are consumed everyday?
40
115
During exercise, how much ATP is utilized every minute?
Over a pound
116
When ATP transfers a phosphate group it will yield a diphosphate and monophoshate.
Diphosphate- ________ phosphate
Monophoshate- _______ phosphate
Inorganic; pyro
