E.1 Earth Systems, Structures & Processes

Question 1

the tendency of water to stick to other substances

Answer 1

Adhesion

Question 2

the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object that is immersed in the fluid

Answer 2

Buoyancy

Question 3

the process that moves water through a narrow porous space

Answer 3

Capillary Action

Question 4

the attractive force between water molecules

Answer 4

Cohesion

Question 5

the force that acts on the particles at the surface of a material

Answer 5

Surface Tension

Question 6

the process of warm air cooling as it rises and releasing moisture in the form of a liquid

Answer 6

Condensation

Question 7

the process by which a liquid is changed into a vapor from the surface by gaining energy

Answer 7

Evaporation

Question 8

water located below Earth’s surface in aquifers

Answer 8

groundwater

Question 9

the portion of the Earth that contains water; all the water on the earth

Answer 9

Hydrosphere

Question 10

does not allow water to move through

Answer 10

Impermeable

Question 11

water that seeps into rocks and between particles of soil; see percolation

Answer 11

Infiltration

Question 12

the downward movement of water through pores and other spaces in soil due to gravity

Answer 12

Percolation

Question 13

having pores or openings that allow water (or other liquids) to flow through them

Answer 13

permeable

Question 14

the rain, snow, sleet or hail that falls from clouds onto the Earth’s land and oceans

Answer 14

Precipitation

Question 15

is precipitation that flows over land into streams and rivers.

Answer 15

Runoff

Question 16

water found on the surface of the Earth

Answer 16

Surface Water

Question 17

water vapor given off by plant photosynthesis via water vapor through the pores in the leaves (stomata)

Answer 17

Transpiration

Question 18

an underground layer of rock or soil that holds water

Answer 18

Aquifer

Question 19

a well in which water rises because of pressure within aquifer from water above

Answer 19

Artesian Well

Question 20

a long period of scarce rainfall

Answer 20

Drought

Question 21

For Raleigh -the Neuse River Basin

Answer 21

Ecological Address

Question 22

a large mass of moving ice and snow on land

Answer 22

Glaciers

Question 23

the study of water

Answer 23

Hydrology

Question 24

a glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing outward from its center; ex. Greenland or Antarctica

Answer 24

Icecaps

Question 25

a large floating mass of freshwater ice detached from a glacier

Answer 25

Icebergs

Question 26

a man made lake that stores water for human use

Answer 26

Reservoir

Question 27

the region of land drained by a large river and its tributaries

Answer 27

River Basin

Question 28

the land area that supplies water to a river system from smaller areas

Answer 28

Watershed

Question 29

land area that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year

Answer 29

Wetland

Question 30

the change in depth of the ocean due to the moon’s and sun’s gravitational pull of the water on earth

Answer 30

Tides

Question 31

a disturbance in ocean water caused by wind

Answer 31

Ocean Wave

Question 32

a seismic sea wave

Answer 32

Tsunami

Question 33

a circulation or movement of water due to the winds; warm or cool

Answer 33

Surface Current

Question 34

an underwater circulation or movement of water due to changes in the water’s density (salinity; temperature); cold

Answer 34

Deep Current

Question 35

the movement of water (a river of water and sand) parallel to the beach caused by waves striking the beach at an angle

Answer 35

longshore current/drift https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfzAeQXhSGk

Question 36

the quick movement of water offshore due to a break in an offshore sandbar; caused many swimmers to drown each year

Answer 36

Rip Current or Rip Tide

Question 37

mostly flat portion of ocean floor which provides a home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat

Answer 37

abyssal plain

Question 38

lowest layer of the ocean, where light does not reach.

Answer 38

Aphotic Zone (a-photic = no-light)

Question 39

organisms that live on or in the ocean floor.

Answer 39

Benthos

Question 40

the production of non-thermal light by creatures' converting chemical energy to light energy to lure prey, attract a mate, or assist in keeping like species together. An estimated 75 percent of benthic creatures glow

Answer 40

Bioluminescence

Question 41

extends from the edge of the continent outward to where the bottom sharply drops off into a steep slope.

Answer 41

Continental Shelf

Question 42

the steep incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain.

Answer 42

Continental Slope

Question 43

body of water where a river meets the ocean

Answer 43

Estuary

Question 44

the area that lies between the low-tide and the high-tide line.

Answer 44

Intertidal Zone

Question 45

a chain of undersea mountains that circles the earth through every ocean at diverging tectonic plate boundaries

Answer 45

Mid-Ocean Ridge

Question 46

free-swimming organisms whose movements are independent of the tides, currents, and waves.

Answer 46

Nekton

Question 47

the first 200 meters (656 feet) of ocean water, which includes the seashore and most of the continental shelf.

Answer 47

Neritic Zone

Question 48

extends from 200 meters (656 feet) deep all the way down to the bottom of the ocean.

Answer 48

Oceanic Zone

Question 49

the deepest parts of the ocean

Answer 49

Ocean trench The deepest one is the Marianas Trench (located in the South Pacific Ocean - almost 5 miles (8.05 kilometers) deep.

Question 50

the top layer of the ocean where sunlight penetrates, above 200 meters

Answer 50

Photic Zone

Question 51

the plant and algae component of the plankton; the primary producers of most ocean food webs

Answer 51

Phytoplankton

Question 52

the amount of dissolved solids in seawater approximately 35 parts per thousand

Answer 52

Salinity

Question 53

the upward movement to the ocean surface of deeper, cold and usually nutrient-rich waters, especially along some shores, due to the offshore movement of surface waters

Answer 53

Upwelling

Question 54

a device used to determine depth by sound waves.

Answer 54

Echo sounder

Question 55

a unit of measure for ocean depth. This unit is 6 feet (1.83 meters).

Answer 55

Fathom

Question 56

the study and exploration of the world's ocean.

Answer 56

Oceanography

Question 57

unmanned submersible tethered to a mother ship and operated by pilots using a joy stick.

Answer 57

ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle)

Question 58

device that allows divers to breathe underwater for long periods of time.

Answer 58

Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (Scuba)

Question 59

used to measure ocean depth by sending sound to bounce off the ocean floor

Answer 59

SONAR - SOund NAvigationRanging

Question 60

a small submarine used to explore the ocean depths; equipped with windows, lights, mechanical arms, cameras and other scientific instruments capable of seeing and recording data

Answer 60

Submersible