E1: Nutrition

Question 1

What is the primary digestive enzyme for carbs?

Answer 1

Amylase

Question 2

What is the primary digestive enzyme for proteins?

Answer 2

Protease

Question 3

What is the primary digestive enzyme for fats?

Answer 3

Lipase

Question 4

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 4

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Question 5

What water soluble vitamin binds to intrinsic factor?

Answer 5

Cyanocobalamin (B12)

Question 6

What water soluble vitamin aids in iron absorption?

Answer 6

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Question 7

What nutrient deficiency results in Beriberi or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 7

Thiamine

Question 8

What vitamin deficiencies result in Cheilitis, angular stomatitis, and glossitis?

Answer 8

Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), and Pyridoxine (B6)

Question 9

What vitamin deficiency results in pellagra?

Answer 9

Niacin (B3)

Question 10

What is pellagra?

Answer 10

Diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia

Question 11

What can folate deficiency cause?

Answer 11

Macrocytic anemia

Question 12

What can B12 deficiency cause?

Answer 12

Macrocytic anemia and peripheral neuropathy

Question 13

What vitamin deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia?

Answer 13

Vitamin D

Question 14

What can vitamin A deficiency cause?

Answer 14

Night blindness, bitots spots, poor wound healing,and dry skin

Question 15

What can sodium deficiency cause?

Answer 15

Confusion, hypotension, and tachycardia

Question 16

What can Zinc deficiency cause?

Answer 16

Taste disturbance, impaired wound healing

Question 17

What can iodine deficiency cause?

Answer 17

Goiter

Question 18

What can potassium deficiency cause?

Answer 18

Muscle cramping, fatigue, EKG with U waves

Question 19

What can calcium deficiency cause?

Answer 19

Fractures and tetany

Question 20

What can iron deficiency cause?

Answer 20

Fatigue, pallor, pale conjunctiva, pica, and koilonychia

Question 21

What can vitamin C and K deficiency cause?

Answer 21

Bleeding gums, easy bruising, poor wound healing, petechiae, and purpura

Question 22

What can Vitamin E deficiency cause?

Answer 22

Sensory and motor neuropathy

Question 23

What can fluoride deficiency cause?

Answer 23

Tooth decay

Question 24

What can sodium toxicity cause?

Answer 24

Edema

Question 25

What can potassium toxicity cause?

Answer 25

Weakness, vomiting, EKG with peaked T waves

Question 26

What can niacin toxicity cause?

Answer 26

Flushing

Question 27

What can fluoride toxicity cause?

Answer 27

Tooth discoloration

Question 28

What can copper toxicity cause?

Answer 28

Golden-brown discoloration of iris

Question 29

What supplementation is necessary during pregnancy to decrease the risk of neural tube defects?

Answer 29

Folic acid

Question 30

Exclusively breastfed infants should receive what kind of supplementation?

Answer 30

Vitamin D

Question 31

What is important regarding nutrition in childhood?

Answer 31

Avoidance of sweetened foods and beverages

Question 32

How many grams of fiber should be consumed daily? What does fiber do?

Answer 32

25-35 grams -Regulates bowels, increases satiety, lowers cholesterol, improves glycemic control, and lowers risk of colorectal cancer

Question 33

What is glycemic index? What is a high vs low glycemic index?

Answer 33

-a measure of how quickly food causes blood sugar to rise. A high glycemia index means that the food is rapidly digested and absorbed, and low means that it is slowly digested and absorbed

Question 34

What is the Mediterranean diet?

Answer 34

- Plan based die of vegetables, fruit, whole grain breads and cereals, beans, and nuts - olive oil - fish, poultry, and dairy

Question 35

What is the DASH diet?

Answer 35

- High in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, poultry, fish, nuts, and beans - reduces sodium and increase potassium, calcium, and mg - low fat - low sugar

Question 36

What are the concerns of using a very low calorie diet?

Answer 36

Loss of lean muscle mass, electrolyte abnormalities, bile stasis, and constipation

Question 37

What are the concerns regarding the Keto diet?

Answer 37

Restrictive diet could lead to nutrient deficiencies, poor sustainability, and raise concern for heart disease and chronic disease

Question 38

What kind of diet may be used for refractory cases of epilepsy?

Answer 38

Keto diet

Question 39

What is the main concern regarding a vegan diet?

Answer 39

B12 deficiency

Question 40

What is the benefit of intermittent fasting?

Answer 40

Promote weight loss and improve metabolic health through influence on hormone regulation and inflammatory response

Question 41

What should you do with a patient with a positive nutrition screen?

Answer 41

Refer to a dietician for complete nutrition assessment

Question 42

What are the 5 components of a nutrition assessment?

Answer 42

- food and nutrition related history - patient history - anthropometric measurements - nutrition focused exam - lab indicators

Question 43

What is enteral nutrition?

Answer 43

Nutrition deliveries directly into the GI tract, bypassing the oral cavity -appropriate for those with a functioning GI tract

Question 44

What are the short term options for enteral nutrition?

Answer 44

Nasogastric, nasoduodenal, and nasojejunal

Question 45

What are the long term options for enteral nutrition?

Answer 45

Gastrostomy and jejunostomy

Question 46

What does a nutrition assessment do?

Answer 46

Targets body weight, muscle wasting, fat stores, volume status, and signs of nutrient deficiencies

Question 47

What are the mechanical complications with enteral nutrition?

Answer 47

Tube misplacement, tube displacement, and tube obstruction

Question 48

What are the metabolic abnormalities that may occur with enteral nutrition?

Answer 48

Hyperglycemia and unstable fluid/Lyte status

Question 49

What is parenteral nutrition?

Answer 49

- Nutrition deliveries directly into the vein - Appropriate for patients at risk of malnutrition in whom have no functioning GI tract or when oral intake and EN is not feasible or contraindicated

Question 50

What are the two types of parenteral nutrition?

Answer 50

-Peripheral and total

Question 51

What are the two option for TPN?

Answer 51

- Central venous catheter | - PICC

Question 52

What are the mechanical complications of Parenteral nutrition?

Answer 52

-Catheter related sepsis, venous thrombosis, air embolus, pneumothorax

Question 53

What are the metabolic complications for parenteral nutrition?

Answer 53

Hyperglycemia, azotemia, and lyte abnormalties

Question 54

What is refeeding syndrome?

Answer 54

Intracellular shift of lytes (Mg, PO4, K)

Question 55

What is medical nutrition therapy (MNT)?

Answer 55

Individualized therapeutic dietary interventions used in the managements of medical conditions

Question 56

What is the MNT of Gastroparesis?

Answer 56

Small frequent low fat/low fiber meals

Question 57

What is the MNT of Roux-En-Y gastric bypass?

Answer 57

Small frequent meals, avoidance of simple sugars

Question 58

What is the MNT of IBD?

Answer 58

Well balanced nutrient rich diet, avoid processed/refined products, limit lactose

Question 59

What are the risks for IDA?

Answer 59

- Blood loss - Celiac - H. Pylori - Roux-en-Y gastric bypass - PPIs

Question 60

What are the risks for B12 deficiency?

Answer 60

- Vegan - Roux-En-Y gastric bypass - Pernicious anemia - terminal ileum, Crohn disease - Celiac - chronic pancreatitis - Metformin

Question 61

How can renal disease lead to nutrient deficiency?

Answer 61

Poor renal function can lead to sodium and fluid retention, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia