E1Trans2

Question 0

Analysis of similarities and differences in development, provides insight that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Answer 0

Comparative embryology

Question 1

Accounts on the processes and sequential events of development, step by step account

Answer 1

Descriptive embryology

Question 2

State the Recapitulation Theory

Answer 2

The development of an individual organism summarizes the development of its species. Ontogeny recaps phylogeny.

Question 3

Von Baer’s law

Answer 3

General features appear earlier in development while specific features appear later.

Question 4

Stage wherein different species appear almost identical

Answer 4

Phylotypic stage (stage 1)

Question 5

Oviparous

Answer 5

Eggs develop outside mother

Question 6

Viviparous

Answer 6

Embryo develops inside mother

Question 7

Ovoviviparous

Answer 7

Eggs retained in mother’s body until birth

Question 8

Causative factors in development, testing hypotheses by manipulating embryo

Answer 8

Experimental embryology

Question 9

Pioneer of experimental embryology

Answer 9

Wilhelm Roux

Question 10

Studies problems on conception and contraception

Answer 10

Reproductive biology

Question 11

Emphasis of reproductive biology

Answer 11

Normal gametogenesis
Transport of gametes and fertilization
Reproductive endocrinology
Early embryonic development
Transplantation of mammalian embryo

Question 12

Study of interaction chemical and physical events in development

Answer 12

Chemical embryology

Question 13

Study of birth defects, malformations due to endogenous and exogenous factors

Answer 13

Teratology

Question 14

Main stages in histological development

Answer 14

Proliferation, migration, differentiation

Question 15

Genetic defects in teratology

Answer 15

Mutations, aneuploidy, translocation

Question 16

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 16

Malformations due to lack of cell proliferation

Question 17

Phocomelia

Answer 17

Severely deficient or malformed limbs due to genetic inheritance, mutations, or thalidomide

Phoco - seal, melia- limb

Question 18

Who cloned Dolly? Where?

Answer 18

Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell at the Roslin Institute

Question 19

The process of creating genetically identical animals

Answer 19

Animal cloning

Question 20

Posed the question “how are different parts of a developing embryo formed?”

Answer 20

Aristotle

Question 21

Defined preformation

Answer 21

Aristotle

Question 22

What is preformation?

Answer 22

A miniature embryo is enclosed in the germ cell and requires only time and nourishment for it to develop.

Question 23

What is epigenesis?

Answer 23

The gradual formation of new structures and organs. From a single cell arises a multicellular organism.

Question 24

Spermists believe that...

Answer 24

Sperm cell contains an individual, ovum merely nourishes it

Question 25

A tiny human (____) in fetal position at head of sperm

Answer 25

Encasement concept, homunculus

Question 26

Ovists believe that...

Answer 26

Ovum contains the fetus, stimulated to grow by seminal fluid

Question 27

Who strengthened the ovist belief? How?

Answer 27

Charles Bonnet, upon discovering parthenogenesis in insects

Question 28

First to see human sperms with microscope

Answer 28

Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Louis Hamm

Question 29

Studied structure of relatively advanced fetuses

Answer 29

Galen

Question 30

Restrictions of Galen's study

Answer 30

Prevented serious analysis of early embryonic development due to miniature dimensions of embryo

Question 31

Founder of modern reproductive biology

Answer 31

Reignier de Graaf

Question 32

Described ovarian follicles and fallopian tubes, studied ectopic pregnancy

Answer 32

Reigniet de Graaf

Question 33

Lazzaro Spallanzani believed that

Answer 33

Male and female sex products are necessary to initiate development

Question 34

What did Marcello Malphigi do?

Answer 34

Described accurately the development of chick in egg.

Question 35

Developed modern comparative embryology

Answer 35

Karl Ernst von Baer

Question 36

Germ Layer theory was proposed by:

Answer 36

Karl Ernst von Baer

Question 37

State the Germ Layer Theory

Answer 37

There exists three germ layers from which organs are derived.

Question 38

"Embryo development occurs through progressive remodeling and growth."

Answer 38

Caspar Friedrich Wolff

Question 39

Developed the cell theory

Answer 39

Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow

Question 40

Implications of the Cell Theory

Answer 40

Embryology became a bona fide science, proved that development must occur via epigenesis

Question 41

Theorized that development must follow a mosaic pattern

Answer 41

August Weismann

Question 42

State the Germ Plasm Theory. Who proposed it?

Answer 42

Differentiated the somatic and germ cells, August Weismann

Question 43

Function of somatic cells according to Germ Plasm Theory.

Answer 43

For the protection and proliferation of the germ plasm.

Question 44

Function of germ cells according to Germ Plasm Theory.

Answer 44

For perpetuation of the species.

Question 45

Other name for Mosaic Development

Answer 45

Weismann's Theory of Nuclear Determination

Question 46

Why is the Mosaic Model called as such?

Answer 46

Egg is considered a mosaic of discrete localized determinants.

Question 47

Describe Mosaic development.

Answer 47

Nuclei contain factors that ate asymmetrically distributed in daughter cells, fate of each cell is predetermined.

Question 48

What experiment did Roux perform?

Answer 48

Ablation Experiment or Embryonic Extirpation

Question 49

Removed large pieces from eggs and discovered that any single monad was capable of forming any part of the completed embryo.

Answer 49

Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch

Question 50

Consequence of Driesch's experiment.

Answer 50

Led to the terms pluripotent and totipotent.

Question 51

Describe regulative development.

Answer 51

Ability of the embryo to develop even if some cells are removed or rearranged.

Question 52

Who performed the Induction and Transplantation experiments?

Answer 52

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold.

Question 53

What is the organizer/evocator?

Answer 53

Dorsal lip of blastopore.

Question 54

Distinguished between phenotype and genotype.

Answer 54

Wilhelm Johanssen

Question 55

Describe the relationship between genotype and phenotype.

Answer 55

Genes are manifested through phenotype only upon the activation depending on time and space.

Question 56

Worked on mutant genes and discovered genes encoded proteins.

Answer 56

Salome Glueksohn-Waelsch and Conrad Waddington

Question 57

Unified science of embryology and genetics.

Answer 57

Developmental Genetics

Question 58

Coined epigenetics.

Answer 58

Conrad Waddington

Question 59

Epigenetics states that

Answer 59

The development of an embryo is due to a series of causal interactions between parts. It accounts for the development of an embryo and reminds one that genetic factors are the most important determinants of development.