E2 Flashcards
(396 cards)
1
Q
Ossification centers
A
Initial appearances of bone tissue in the area where each of the 206 bone organs of the body form
2
Q
Ossification centers appear in 2 different environments
A
Within mesenchyme
On or within cartilage model
3
Q
of bones of skull
A
1 mandible
2 maxilla
22 adult skull bone organs
4
Q
Ossification centers within mesenchyme
A
Called intra embrasure bone organ development
5
Q
Ossification centers within cartilage model
A
Called endochondral bone organ development
6
Q
The number of ossification centers in each bone
A
Varies from bone to bone
7
Q
Mandible intramembranous ossification centers
A
1 bone 2 ossification centers
8
Q
Maxillary bones intramembranus ossification center
A
2 ossification centers for each bone
9
Q
Mixed ossification centers
A
Some bones have both intramembranous and endochrondiral ossification centers
10
Q
The _______ bone has both ______ and _________ ossification centers
A
Temporal
Intramembranous
Endochrondral
11
Q
Growth Sites
A
Addition of bone tissue to a bone organ
12
Q
Growth sites of bone tissue formation
A
The periosteum Endometrium Haters Ian Goldman can so PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
13
Q
No matter what environment bone tissue forms in it always forms in what?
A
Within a highly vascular connective tissue
14
Q
Intramembranous’s bone tissue
A
NOT ossification center
The highly vascular connective tissue that growth site develop in
15
Q
Paired merciless cartilage there is one in each
A
Mandibular process of bronchial arch I
16
Q
Meckel’s cartilage is the temporary
A
Skeleton of mandibular processes of bronchial arch 1
17
Q
Meckels cartialge serves as temporary
A
Attachment for muscles that eventually attach to the mandible
18
Q
Meckel’s cartilages serves as models for 2 ear ossicles
A
Malleus
Incus
19
Q
Meckel’s cartialge site of appearance for 2 ligaments
A
Anterior mallelar
Sphenomandibular
20
Q
Meckel’s caritalge serve as temporary ___ ___ plate of forming mandible halves
A
Anterior lingual
21
Q
Meckel’s cartialge serve as enclosed
A
Growth sites at the chin end of the mandible halves
22
Q
Meckel’s cartialge undergoes retrogressive changes to
A
Become anterior malleable and sphenomandibular ligaments
23
Q
Meckel’s cartialge s serve as both
A
Ossification centers for ear ossicles
Growth sites of each mandible halves
24
Q
Meckel’s cartialge DOES NOT
A
Enter into formation of TMJ
25
The mandible develops as 2 bilateral halves that exist throughout
The interuterine period
26
The mandible becmes 1 of the 22 bones when
Osseous union occurs between the halves
27
Osseuous union of the mandible occurs
At the end of the first post natal year
28
The mandible begins development at
Week 6
29
In addition to the mandible what else develops at week 6
Tooth development
30
Mandible ossification centers
2
31
Mandible ossification centeres within
Mesenchyme tissue lateral to meckel’s cartialge s
32
Mandible ossification centers appear in the area
Where the inferior alveolar never branches into mental and incisive nerves
Aka mental foramina
33
Bone grows ____ and ____ from the ossification centers
Anterior
Posterior
34
Anterior ossification center of mandible
The bone incorporates the distal parts o meckel’s cartilages: This incorporated part of each cartialge Beyoncé’s the temporary lingual plate and a growth site of each mandible halves
35
Posterior ossification center of mandible
the bone is in the form of a U featuring facial and lingual plates; the posterior end of the facial plate incorpates and independent piece of Hylane cartilage that becomes condylar cartilage another growth site of each mandible half
36
Condylar cartilages
Does not arise from meckels cartialge
It’s INDEPENDENT
37
At the end of the first postnatal year
An osseous union occurs between 2 mandibular halves at distal chin site
38
Synarthrosis
Permits little or no mobility
Fibrous and suture joints
39
Synarthrosis examples
Between maxillary bones
Between temporal and parietal bones
40
Amphiarthrosis
Permits slight boil it you
cartilaginous joints
Pubis symphysis
41
Diarthrosis
Permits a variety of movements
Synovial joints
42
TMJ is what type of joint
Diathrosis
43
Ginglymoarthrodial
Joint referring to its dual compartment structure and function
44
Gomphosis joint
A joint that binds a tooth to a bone socket
45
Appearance of 2 ossification centers of mandible
6th week IU
46
Osseous union of mandibular halves
End of 1st year
47
Appearance of blasts a of TMJ
8th week IU
48
Cavitation within blastema of TMJ
Third month IU
49
Replacement of condylar cartilage by compact bone
Twenty-fifth year +/-
50
Blastema
Blastema is a rudimentary substance from which cells tissues or organs are formed
51
The TMJ blastema is where the following form
Condylar cartilage
Articular disc
Two Joint Cavities
Soft tissue articular surfaces
52
Main functional unit of cortical bone
Haversion System
53
Secondary Osteon
Haverseion system
54
The wall of secondary osteon
Concentric lamellar
55
Main cell of secondary osteon
Osteocytes
56
Separation between osteon in secondary osteon
Interstitial lamellae
57
Connection between osteon
Volkmanns canals
58
Mesenchymal stem cells give 3 cells
Adipocyte progenitor
Osteoprogenitor
Chondrocyte progenitor
59
________ becomes the pre-osteoblast which gives rise to the osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor from the mesenchymal stem cell
60
The osteoblasts divides into 2 cell types
Osteocytes
| Lining cells
61
Osteoclasts come from
The haematopoietic stem cell lineage
62
Mesenchyme stem cells are also called
CFU-F
| Colony forming fibroblasts
63
Mesenchyme stem cells have
The potentional to differentiate into multiple cell types
64
MSC morphological features
Small cell body
| Few cell processes
65
Confirmation of MSC identity is the expression of ____________ but not ________
MSC markets CD44 CD105
Hematopoietic stem cell markers CD45 CD11b
66
Local delivery of MSC can
Enhance bone regeneration
67
MSC +________——>MSC Survival and proliferation———>+__________——->MSC differentiation into osteoblasts—->+_______———> New bone formation
Nutrients O2 and growth factors
Cytokines growth factors and cells
Cytokines calcium and phosphorus
68
Classical Mechanism of new bone growth formation
Empower local bone regeneration by providing a large source of MSCs and growth factors hence boosting or bypassing the slow MSC recruitment process
69
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
Located on bone surface
Cuboidal
Monoculeated
70
osteoblasts stain basiphilic because of the large quantity of
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
71
Major functions of osteoblasts
Synthesis and secrete extracellular matrix
72
TNAP
Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase
73
NPP1
Nucleotide pyorphospatase phosphorites tase
74
NTP
Nucleoside Triphosphates
75
ANK
Ankylosis protein
76
BSP
Bone sialoprotein
77
Inside the vesicles
Calcium and phosphorus can reach high concentrations without being saturated
78
RANKL
Stimulate osteoclast differentiation and maturation
79
OPG
Bing to RANKL and indirectly inhibit osteoclast differentiation
80
Osteocytes
Bone maintaining cells
81
Osteocytes derived from
Osteoblasts when buried in the matrix
82
Osteocytes are located in
Lacunae inside the matrix
83
Most abundant cell type in bone
Osteocytes
84
Osteocytes are _____ and have multiple _______
Mononucleated
Multiple dendritic processes
85
Osteocytes regulate
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts through cell processes
86
Osteocytes maintain
Bone vitality and function
87
Osteocytes can sense
Mechanical loading from fluid flow and hydrostatic pressure
88
After sense loading osteocyte
Regulate bone formation/resorption mainly through the sclerosis-OPG/RNAKL system
89
Sclerostin (SOST)
Is only expressed in osteocytes not in any other bone cells
90
Largest of all bone cells types
Osteoclasts
91
Osteoclasts are often located
On bone surface (howships lacunae)
92
Osteoclasts are _______ and have ________
Multinucleated
TRAP -tartrate resistant acid phosphatase positive cytoplasm
93
Osteoclasts border
Ruffled border
Pump H+ for demineralization
release enzymes for organic matrix degradation
94
Sealing zone(osteoclasts)
Attachment and sealing
95
Osteoclasts have abundant
Mitochondria
96
Osteoclast vesicles contain
Acid phosphatase
97
3 main functions of osteoclasts
Demineralization bone
Degraded organic matrix
Endocytosis of degraded products
98
Bone line cells characteristics
Flattened spindle shape
Located on bone surface
Ovoid mon nucleus
Few organelles
99
Bone lining cells function
Uncertain
May be induced to proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts
May be involved in smoothening osteoclast lacunae
100
2 processes for bone formation
Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification
101
Endochondral ossification
Form cartilage first
102
Intramembranous ossification
Directly from periosteum
103
Sutures bone formation
A special intramembranous process through suture life matrix
104
Maxilla bone formation
Intramembranous
105
Mandibular bone formation
Endochondral (condyle) and intramembranous (surface)
106
Modeling
Change of overall bone size and shape; bone formation and resorption at different locations
107
Remodeling
Replacement of existing bone; bone formation and resorption at the same location but at different times
108
Typical remodeling cycle
Activation-resorption-reversal- formation-resting-activation
109
Trabecular bone remodeling starts
At bone surfaces
110
Osteoporosis
Unbalanced formation/resorption—-> net bone loss
111
Remodeling rate
Children> adults
| Trabecular bone> cortical bone
112
Cycle duration
Formation > resorption
113
Alveolar and ____ bones are continuous
Basal
114
Trabecular bone is only presented in the ______ or under the alveolar crest in the interdental area
Apical 1/3 of the alveolar process
115
Sharpey’s fibers insert
Into bundle bone layer
116
Cells between Sharpey’s fibers
Fibroblasts
Mesenchymal stem cells and osteoprogenitor
Vascular cells
117
Cells on bone surface
Osteoblasts
Bone Linining cells
118
Jaw bone mesenchyme is developed from
Neural crest and mesoderm
| 1st brachial arch
119
Postnatal growth of the alveolar process is highly correlated with
Tooth eruption
120
Tooth agenesis
Poor development of alveolar bone
121
Alveolar bone formation
Vertically at crests along with tooth eruption; transversely at buccal surface and lingual bundle bone along with buccal expansion
122
Alveolar bone resorption
Lingual surface and buccal bundle bone
123
Alveolar Bone Loss: Risk Factors
```
Periodontal disease
Tooth Loss
Pathology
Systemic disease
Side effects of medication
Trauma parafunctional excessive orthodontic force
```
124
During tooth movement
Due to resorption on one side formation on the other the interdental septum is relocated but not removed
125
PDL fibers attachment adapts
To bone remodeling
126
PDL fibers Bone restoration side
Detachment——->attachment reconstitution
127
PDL fibers Bone formation side
Thickening of bundle bone ————> remodeling of bundle bone from the endosteum (opposite side of the PDL)
128
Normally osteoclasts are present in the PDL
True of False
FALSE
129
Upon receiving compressive force osteoclasts are require from
The blood flow (light pressure) and the bone marrow of the adjective alveolar process (heavy pressure)
130
Heavy pressure
In response to heavy pressure osteoclasts were recruited form the bone marrow, the opposite side of the PDL—-> underwing resorption
131
Possible sources of osteoblasts (4)
Osteoblasts already present at bone surface
MSCs in PDL
MSCs in bone marrow
Bone linings
132
Eruption is the movement
Of a tooth from its formative stages within the jaws to its functional stage in the oral cavity
133
Physiologically a tooth will move
In all direction except apically and continues to move throughout its existence in the oral cavity
134
3 stages of eruption
Pre-emergence
Prefunctional
Functional
135
Preemergence stage
Main direction of movement is facially
136
Prefunctinal Stage
Main direction of movement is occlusally
137
Functional Stage
Main direction of movement is mesially
138
Preemergence stages start with the appearance of_______ and continues to the apprentice of___________ just prior to start of root dentin formation
Dental lamina
reduced enamel epithelium and her twigs root sheath
139
Reduced enamel epithelium is attached to completed enamel surface by
Basal lamina, last secretion of ameloblasts
140
Hertwigs root sheath
Inner and outer layers of enamel organ
141
After enamel formation is complete 4 cell layers of enamel organ becomes
Reduced enable epithelium
142
Cervical loop is where
Outer and inner layers of enamel organ come together to form hertwigs epithelial root sheath
143
Hertwigs epitheal root sheath serves 2 main functions
Determines number of root canals of tooth
Determines root dentin outline
144
Preemergence is before the start
Of root formation
Number of roots will be determined at this stage with hertwigs sheath
145
Establishment of DEJ and pulp chamber appears during
Preemergence stage
146
Enamel formation and crown dentin appearance present during
Preemergence stage
147
Prefunctilnal stage of eruption starts with____and ends with ______
Root dentin formation
Tooth reaches occlusal plane
148
Prefunctional stage main direction of movement
Occlusally
149
Hertwigs epeithal sheath continues as
Diaphragm
150
As HER sheath breaks up
Cementum forms on exposed dentin
151
Emergence into oral cavity reduced enamel epithelium becomes
Junctional epithelim
152
Merger of _____ and ____ during prefunctional stage of eruption
Reduced enamel epithelium
Oral epithelium
153
Differentiation of cementoblasts and cementogenesis occurs during
Prefunctinal stage
154
Formation of periodontal ligament site during
Prefunctional stage
155
Appearance of epithelial rest of Malassez
Prefunctional stage
156
Collagen fiber binders of PDL during prefunctional stage
Are not funcitonally arranged in groups: arranged obliquely
157
Functional stage of eruption starts at
Occlusal plane and physiologically continues throughout life
158
Functional stage main movement
Physiological mesial drift
159
Junctional epithelium position changes during
Functional eruption
160
Functional arrangement of principal fiber bundles of PDL occurs during
Functional stage of eruption
161
Changes during functional eruption
Attrition
Dead tracts
Reparative dentin
162
Changes to pulp during functional stage of eruption
Reduced pulp tissue volume
Ectopic mineralization
Dentin formation
163
Functional stage junctional epithelium moves
From its attachment to just enamel to enamel and cementum then to just cementum
164
Reciprocal induction occurs between ____ during functional stage
Junctional epithelium and adjacent connective tissue
165
The physiologic elimination of primary teeth caused by
The resorption action of odontoclasts
166
Odontoclast originiate in
Bone marrow like osteoclasts
167
Openings in the bone located lingual to the primary anterior teeth are called
Gubernaculum canals
168
Gubernaculum ligament
Passes through the canal to the dental follicle of a succeedaneous tooth and are through to help hide the tooth into the oral cavity
169
Periodontium
Cementum
Alveolar bone
PDL
Gingiva
170
Cervical loops defines
Edge of enamel organ during bell stage
171
Outer enamel epithelim
Cuboidal
172
Inner enamel epithelium
Columnar cells
173
Stratum intermedium
2-3 cell thick layer adjacent to IEE
174
Stellate reticulum
Star shaped cells
175
What induces root odontoblasts differentiation
Hertwigs
176
Dental Papilla
Undifferentiated ectomesenchymal cells
177
HERS induces
Dental papilla cells to differentiate to pre odontoblasts then odontoblasts
178
“Rootless Teeth”
Dentin dysphasia type I
Obliterated pulp chamber
179
Dilaceration
Deformity in shape/direction of root
180
Taurodontism
Large pulp chamber at expense of root/furcation
181
Some HERS cells become
Epithelial rests of malassez
182
Epithelial rests of malassez
Appears as clumps strands or networks of cells in PDL
183
Acellular cementum
Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum
Primary cementum
184
Cellular cementum
Cellular intinisic fiber cementum
Secondary cementum
185
Cementum is defined by
Presence/absence of cells within its matrix
Origin of collagen fibers of the matrix
186
Primary acellular cementum covers
2/3rd of root
187
Secondary cellular cementum covers
Apical 1/3
188
Cellular mixed stratified cementum
A mix of alternating acellular and cellular layers
189
Cementum: Attachment
Cementum is important for strong periodontal structure; cementing the tooth in the socket
Acellular only
190
Cementum: Protecting
Root from resorption and repairing resorption pits
191
Cementum: Adjusting
Adjusting tooth position
Cellular only
192
Cementum : Sealing
Sealing dentin tubules-hydrodynamic theory of dental sensitivity inhibiting bacterial invasion
193
Cementum compostion
50% inorganic
35% organic
15% water
194
Cementum physiology
Avascular
Non-innervated
No turnover-growth by apposition
195
Cementocytes
A subset of cementoblasts becomes embedded in cellular cementum matrix
Remain in lacunae for life
196
Dental Follicle
Precursors to cementoblasts PDL fibroblasts osteoblasts
197
Before cementum can form
Root dentin-foundation for cementum formation
HERS disintegrates exposing root dentin surface
198
Initial collagen fibers from cementoblasts
Intermingle with unmineralzied dentin at the CDJ
These short fibers are intrinsic, not yet connected with PDL
199
Dentin cementum junction
Cementum initial collagen fiber bundles intermingle with dentin collagen fibers
Dentin completes mineralization
DCJ remains a less hard cushion interface between cementum and dentin
200
PDL fibroblasts
Produce primary collagen fiber bundles of PDL space
Stitched to first cementum intrinsic fibers
201
Extrinsic fibers
Continuity of extrinsic fibers and initial intrinsic fibers
These will become mineralized sharpeys fibers within cementum
202
Major fiber group of acellular cementum
Extrinsic fibers
203
Extrinsic fibers enters acellular cementum at
High density
204
Extrinsic fibers are critical to
The function of acellular cementum
205
Sharpeys fibers insert
Into both the acellular cementum and alveolar bone
206
cementoblasts promote
HA deposition between a nd within collagen fibers
207
Sharpeys fibers are ______ fibers
Mineralized collagen fibers continuous with PDL
208
Fiber Fringe
At the cementum PDL interface
Collagen substrate-the scaffold
209
Fiber fringe becomes engulfed
And mineralized= sharpeys fibers
210
Secondary cementoblasts produce cementum
Rapidly-cement oil
Produce many intrinsic collagen fibers deposit the cellular cementum ECM
211
Cellular cement minimal or absent in
Incisors and canines
212
Adaptive cementum maintains tooth in
Proper occlusal position by compensating for enamel attrition throughout life
213
Cellular cementum can repair
Cementum resorption anywhere on root
214
Cement lid
Clear unmineralized
| Equivalent to presenting or osteoid
215
Cementocytes
Embedded in cellular cementum matrix
Connected to one another and surface
216
Both acellular and cellular
Grow throughout life
217
Cementum grows
Appostionally
| Adding to existing layer
218
Hypophosphatasia
Rare skeletal disease
Mutation in ALPL gene for tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase
TNAP breaks down pyrophostate an inhibitor of mineralization
219
HPP defective absent cementum
Loose teeth premature loss of primary and or secondary teeth
220
Hypercementosis
Excessive cementum
Ankylosis and difficulty in extraction
221
Bone Sialoprotein
Promotes HA mineral formation
Critical role in acellular cementum formation in mice
222
Reparative Cementum
Fills resorption pit (howships lacuna)
Usually cellular regardless of location
223
Bundle bone
Alveolar bone proper
Bone lining the socket inner aspect facing tooth root
224
Primary fibers entering _____ are large in diameter and less dense vs cementum
Bundle bone
225
Lamina dura
Radiographic feature of alveolar bone
Radiopaque layer lining the socket
226
PDL X-ray
Radiolucent
227
Is compact bone of alveolar process solid
No numerous peroration to allow BV and novels to enter PDL space
228
Alveolar bone distributes
Occlusal loads
229
Bone loading causes
Growth
Unloading causes loss
230
PDL: Nutrtive
Blood supply to cells of the region including cementoblasts and cytes
231
PDL: Sensory
Innervated for sensing position and pain
232
PDL: Defensive
Delivers immune cells including macrophages and neutrophils
233
PDL: Reparative
Contains stem cells and progenitor cells that can repare or regenerate PDL bone cementum
234
PDL: Adaptive
Based on mechanical loading adapts fiber orientations and influenza neighboring alveolar bone remodeling
235
PDL collagen fibers
I
III
XII
236
Oxytalan fibers
PDL
| Small elastic fibers support collagen fibers and blood vessel walls
237
PDL dominat fiber group
Oblique group is predominant resin occlusal loads.
238
The PDL is well vascularized
Superior and inferior alveolar arteries
Perforation vessels
Apical routs and gingival vessel routs
239
Venosus drainage in
Axial direction
240
Gingival cervicular fluid
Found in the sulcus/gingival margin
Transudate from vasculatrue
Diagnostic value
241
Free nerve endings
Most common
| Nociceptorls and mechanoreceptor
242
Ruffini endings
Found near apex
Mechanoreceptors
243
Coiled endings
Mid PDL
244
Encapsulated endings
Found near apex
245
Cementicle
Ectopic cementum in PDL
246
Ankylosis
Cementum bone fusion loss of PDL space
247
Ducts from major and minor salivary glans travel thru
Connective tissue to communicate with mucosal surface
248
Mucous membrane composed of 2 tissues
Epithelium
| Connective tissue: lamina propria and sometimes submucosa
249
Immune cells
Lamina propria
250
Epithelial cells synthesize and secrete
Several antimicrobial molecules
251
Beta defensins
Cathelicidin
Calprotectin
Adrenomedulin
Antimicrobials
252
Beta defensins bind to
Negative charges on bacterial membranes and permeabilize
253
Dentin and pulp pain fibers
C, A delta, A beta fibers
254
PDL fibers: Pain
C & A delta
255
PDL Proprioceptive fibers
A beta
256
Oral mucosa inervation
A beta: touch
A delta and C: Pain, innocuous thermal
A delta: taste?
257
Connective tissue is
Lamina propria and sometimes submucosa
258
All oral epithelium type of tissue
Stratified squamous epithelium
259
Meckel cellls
Sensory basal layers
260
Melanocytes
Pigment cells basal layers
261
Langerhans cells
Immune
| Supra-basal layers
262
Nonkeratinocytes stain
Clear
Because of lack of cytokeratin
263
Cytokeratins
Large family of proteins
Assemble into intermediate filaments to provide cytoskeltal support
264
2 types of cytokeratins
Type I acidic
| Type II basic
265
Central helical core of cytokeratins flanked by
Non helical ends
266
Each cells expresses at least
2 cytokeratins
One of each
267
Cytokeratins are assembled into
Could heterodimer
268
Different sets of cytokeratins are expressed by
Different epithelial layers and by different epithelial tissues
269
k5/14 keratin type
Is expressed in the basal layer throughout the mouth
270
Intermediate filaments resist
Mechanical force without breaking
271
Intermediate filaments are the intracellular component to
Desmosomes and hemidesmosoems
272
Prickle cell layer ofmucosa due to
Desmosomes that contribute to barrier
273
Cytokeratins contribute to mechanical toughness in
BOTH keratinized and NK oral mucosa
274
Tonofibrils
Promote aggregation
275
Fillagrin
Promote binding to another molecule; main component of keratohylain granules
276
keratinized is ____ but lesss_____
Tougher
| Less flexible
277
Membrane coating grauneules
Membrane bound organelles filled with glycolipids
278
Membrane coating granules 1st appear
In upper prickle cell layers
279
Membrane coating granules occur in both keratinized and non kerainteze and serve as
An intercellular barrier to aqueous substances; however differences in chemical compositing creates > effective barrier in keratinized epithelim
280
Cornfield envelope
Cross linked protein sheath comprised of loricrin and other proteins
281
ECM
PGs GAGs
Glycoprotein(fibronectin)
Collagen I and III
Elastin
282
The relative amount of type I: type III collagen
Is greater for less flexible regions
283
Stippling of Gingiva reflects underlying
Rete pegs and connective tissue papillae
284
Submucosa
Present under some regions of oral mucosa
Contains larger blood vessels and nerves supplying superficial LP
Glands
Separates LP from bone and muscle
285
Lining Mucosa
Non keratinized
| Buccal and labial and floor of mouth
286
Lining mucosa LP has fewer_____ and more ____
Collagen fibers
| Elastic fibers
287
Lining mucosa submucoas
Usually present
288
Masticatory Mucosa
Keratinized with dense lamina propria
289
Masticatory mucosa more _____ fewer _____
More collagen
| Fewer elastic
290
Sulcular Epithelium
Part of free Gingiva which faces tooth generally non keratinized
291
Junctional Epithleium
Forms seal with hard tissue
| Oriented along long axis of tooth
292
Is junctional epithelium permaeable
HIGHLY
293
Junctional epithelim 2 basal lamina
External (lamina propria)
| Internal (JE/tooth)
294
What is absent in the JE internal basal lamina
Collagen components
295
3 Unique proteins( special laminin) produced by ameloblast durin maturation phase
AMTN
ODAM
SCPPQ1
296
AMTN
Amelotin
297
ODAM
Odontogenic ameloblast association
298
SCPPPQ1
Secretory Ca++ binding photophoprotein proline glutamine rich 1
299
When the 3 special proteins of internal basal lamina are mixed together
These proteins form a porous structure
300
Junctional epithelium extends
Around entire tooth
301
Despite specialized nature, junctional epithelium can regenerate
Relatively rapid
| Around dental implants
302
Taste
CN VII, IX, X
303
Oral mucosa: Pain
A delta
| C fibers
304
Oral mucosa: Cooling
A delta
305
Oral mucosa: Warming
C fibers
306
Oral mucosa: Touch
Ab and A delta fiebrs
307
Hypertension
Heighted sensation
308
Hypogeusia
Reduced sensation
309
Ageusia
No sensation
310
Parageusia
Incorrect sensation
311
Phantogeusia
Taste in the absence of a stimulus
312
Hypo- or Ageusia is less common than_________
Olfactory deficits
313
Sensation of spiciness dependent on
TRP receptors associated with pain system
314
Hot
TRPV1
315
Garlic
TRPA1
316
Fungiform papillae
On dorsal anterior tongue
| Most numerous at tip of tongue to monitor food entering
317
File form papillae
Spine shaped and heavily keratinized
DO NOT CONTAIN BUDS
Somatosensory fibers
318
Foliate Papillae
CN IX
Lateral aspect of most posterior anterior tongue
Monitor food during chewing
319
Foliate taste buds are located
In trenches not on surface
Closely associated with salivary glands (Von Ebner)
320
Circumvallate papillae
Central connective tissue core surrounded by trench arranged in a V
Monitor food before swallowing
321
CV taste buds located
In tench not dorsal surface
CN IX
322
Single fungiform can usually detect
More than one quality
323
Functional redundancy of the taste system makes it
Resilient in the face of partial taste loss
324
Taste buds decline with age
Only slightly
325
Tas2r
G protein coupled
each tas2r detects a limited range of bitter compounds
326
Differences in promoter region determine
The number of copies of the sweet receptor that are transcribed
327
Light cells
Have microfill I that reach the taste pore
Express receptors for taste substances
Respond to Tate stimuli
328
Type III (Light)
Sour
Synapses with primary afferent nerve
329
Type II light
Bitter sweet amino acids
Different subsets of type II cells respond to a given quality
Synapse with primary afferent nerve nope
330
Type II and III cells use
ATP to communicate with 1o different taste nerves
331
Type III cells can use classic synapses but
ATP is released from Type II cells without the aid of typical synapse using a special voltage gated ion channel
332
Taste buds are
Modified epithelial cells
Like other epithelial cells they are continually replaced
333
Placode
Taste bud first develop as specialized epithelium
334
SHH repressed
Taste fate in vitro
335
inhibition of SHH in vitro
Expands taste fate
336
Tongue appears
EW 4
337
Lingual papillae develope
EW 8
338
Taste buds 1st appear
Ew8
339
Taste pores appear
EW 12
340
Hyposalivation
Reduced salivary flow
341
Hyposalivation causes
```
Xersotomia
Mucosal changes
Enamel erosion
Increased caries
Difficulty in swallowing
Changes in taste
```
342
Hyposalivation management
Artificial saliva
| Salivary stimulants
343
Muffins
Lubricate and protective barrier
344
Bicarbonate
Neutriliazaiton of acids and pH maintenance
345
Proline rich proteins and statherin
Enamel maturation calcium binding proteins
346
Lysozyme, peroxidase, defensins, histatins
IgA
347
Growth factors in saliva
Repair
348
Digestion’s in saliva
Mucins
Enzyme -amylase lipase
349
Water in saliva
Dissolves stimuli for transport for taste
350
During sleep, salivary flow
Decreases markedly
351
Major salivary glands
Parotid
Submandiblu
Sublingual
352
Parotid
60%
353
Submandibular
25
354
Sublingual
7-8
355
Minor salivary glands
Von Ebners
| Labial, palatial, buccal, lingual
356
Parenchyma
Functional components
357
Stroma
Supporting components
358
Septa
Divides gland into lobes and lobules
359
Stroma contains
```
Fibroblasts
BV
Nerve fibers
Plasma cells
Fat cells
```
360
Acini
Secretory endpieces
361
Acini types
Serous
Mucous
Mixed
362
Types of ducts
Intercalated
Striated
Excretory
363
Parotid development
4-6 weeks IU
364
Submandibular development
Week 6 IU
365
Sublingual Development
8-12 IU
366
Acinar cells matureing during
Last 2 months of gestation
367
Salivary gland growth especially acinar cells continues
For 2 years postnatal
368
Stroma develop from
Ectoderm
369
Parenchyma comes from ectoderm
Parotid
| Submandibular
370
Parenchyma comes from endoderm
Minor salivary glands
371
Overview of salivary gland development
Protrusion of epithelial cells in mesenchyme
Bud formation
Branching
Branching continues cavitation in ducts
Terminal differentiation : maturation of ducts then acinar cells
372
Striated duct
Secretory
373
Collecting duct
Excrewtrory
374
Acini permeable
H20 permeable
| Isotonic primary secretion
375
Duct Permeable
```
NOT to H20
Secondary secretion
Resort Na, Cl
Hypotonic
Secretes bicarbonate ion and secretes proteins
```
376
Parasympathetic salivary gland
Salviatroy nucleus to CN VII and IX
377
Sympathetic salviatory
Intermodlateral nucleus to superior cervical ganglion
378
Sympathetic uses
Norpepinehphinr binds to beta adrenergic receptor
379
Parasympathetic control
ACh binds to muscarninc receptor
Copious secretion
380
Serous acinar cell
Pyramidal shape
Rest on basal lamina
Short irregular microfill I
Secrete many enzymes and glycoproteins packaged in secretory granules
381
Serous cell protein machiner
Rough ER
Golgi apparat I
Secretory granules
Lumber
382
Mucous Cell
Cuboidal to columnar
Oval nuclei pressed toward the base
Arranged in tubules around a central lumen
Secrete mucins
383
Serous demilune
Mucous acinar topped by a cluster of serous cells
384
Myoepithelial cells
Found surrounding the acini and intercalated ducts but within the basal lamina
385
Myoeptihal cells facilitate
Movement of saliva into the ductal system neurally innervated
386
Types of ducts
Intercalated
Striated
Excretory
387
Major salivary glands ducts
All 3 types
388
Minor salivary glands ducts
Intercalated sometimes observed
Striated absent
Excretory main type
389
Intercalated duct
```
Smallest duct
Several acini drain into it
Cuboidal
Centrally placed Nucleus
Secretes few proteins
```
390
Striated duct
Longer more active duct
Site of reabsorption
- converts isotiny primary saliva to hypotonic fluid
- requires ATP
- Against concentration graduate
Site of secretion
- proteins
- bicarbonate
391
Striated duct cells
Columnar
392
Excretory ducts
Series of connecting ducts becoming progressively wider
| -change from single epitheal layer to psudostratife epithleium and finally may become keratinized
393
Goblet cells may be intermingled in
Excretory duct
394
Parotid acini
Serous
395
Sublingual
Salivary predominantly mucous
396
Submandibular
Serous dominate
