E2 Visual & Sensory issues- Patho

Question 1

What is Cataracts?

Answer 1

-Cloudy lens
-Gradual onset of painless blurry vision

Question 2

If cataracts are left untreated what could it end in?

Answer 2

Blindness

Question 3

Risk factors of cataracts

Answer 3

-Older age
-Eye trauma
-Congenital risk (premature babies)
-Diabetes
-Corticosteroid use
-Smoking & ETOH consumption

Question 4

Cataract clinical Manifestations

Answer 4

-Painless
-Uni or bilateral vision changes
-Blurry
-Halo around lights
-Altered color perception
-Glare issues at night
-Decreased accommodation

Question 5

40% of patients with DM over the age of 40 have ______________

Answer 5

DM retinopathy

Question 6

Non-proliferative retinopathy

Answer 6

-Aneurysm
-Hard exudate
-Hemorrhage
-Macular edema

Question 7

Proliferative retinopathy

Answer 7

-Advanced retinopathy
-New blood vessels are fragile

Question 8

What is Hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer 8

High blood pressure creates blockages in retinal blood vessels

Question 9

Hypertensive retinopathy S/S

Answer 9

-Initially no vision changes
-Sustained, severe HTN –> sudden visual loss r/t swelling of optic disc & nerve

Question 10

How is vision restored in hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer 10

Treat HTN
(No pharm treatment)

Question 11

What is Detached retina?

Answer 11

-Retina has a tear or leak
-Vitreous humor flows behind the retina
-Rapid, progressive detachment from the choroid
-Spontaneous

Question 12

Risk factors for detached retina

Answer 12

-People w/ myopia (nearsightedness)
-Over 40
-Trauma to the head (eye tumors or hx cataract surgery)

Question 13

Clinical manifestations of detached retina

Answer 13

-Sudden, unilateral vision loss
-Painless
-May see floaters
-Flashes of light
*curtain coming coming down effect

Question 14

Most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60 on US

Answer 14

Age related macular degeneration

Question 15

What are the two types of macular degeneration?

Answer 15

Dry (non-exudative)- most common 90%

Wet (exudative)- 10%

Question 16

What happens in wet macular degeneration?

Answer 16

New blood vessels hemorrhage around the macular area

Question 17

Risk factors of macular degeneration?

Answer 17

-Family hx
-Genetics
-UV light
-Hyperopia
-Smoking
-Light colored eyes
-Dark green leafy veggies protective?

Question 18

Dry macular degeneration

Answer 18

Yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium

Question 19

Wet macular degeneration

Answer 19

Growth of new, leaky blood vessels in an abnormal location of the retina

Question 20

Early clinical manifestations of macular degeneration

Answer 20

None

Question 21

Late clinical manifestations of macular degeneration

Answer 21

-Blurred, darkened vision
-Blind spots (scotomas)
-Distorted vision (metamorphopsia)

Question 22

Treatment of macular degeneration

Answer 22

Medications injected into the eye

Question 23

What are the 2 types of glaucoma?

Answer 23

Open and closed angle

Question 24

What is glaucoma?

Answer 24

Elevated intraocular pressure + vision changes OR optic nerve damage
-Chronic
-Bilateral eye involvement

Question 25

Risk factors of open angle glaucoma

Answer 25

-Elevated IOP -Older age -African americans (3-4x higher risk) -Family hx -Myopia -Diabetes -HTN -Migraines

Question 26

In open angle, there is abnormal ______ ________ -Reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of schlemm -Imbalances btwn inflow & outflow

Answer 26

trabecular meshwork

Question 27

Open angle results in _______ and _______

Answer 27

Increased IOP & vision problems

Question 28

Open angle clinical manifestations

Answer 28

-None usually (until BAD) -Progressive loss of sight -Vague eye pain -Halos around lights -Tunnel vision

Question 29

In Closed angle glaucoma, there is an abnormal angle between _____ and ____

Answer 29

iris & later cornea

Question 30

In closed angle, outflow is blocked when the pupil is _____

Answer 30

dilated

Question 31

Risk factors of closed angle

Answer 31

-Asian american -Females -Hyperopia -Family hx -Older age

Question 32

Acute angle-closure glaucoma is an ___________ because _____

Answer 32

EMERGENCY -sudden complete block of aqueous humor

Question 33

What trigger acute episode of closed glaucoma?

Answer 33

Anticholinergic drugs

Question 34

Clinical manifestations of closed angle

Answer 34

-Typically unilateral -Severe eye pain -N/V -Blurry vision /halos -Reddened eyes -Dilated pupils: nonreactive to light -Cloudy cornea

Question 35

Glaucoma & blindness

Answer 35

-Due to increased IOP -More pressure on inner eye structures -Decreased blood flow to optic nerve -Nerve fiber death

Question 36

What is Meniere disease?

Answer 36

-Endolymphatic hydrops -Episodic disorder of middle ear

Question 37

Does meniere disease effect one or both ears?

Answer 37

unilateral or bilateral

Question 38

The excessive endolymph and pressures in the membranes disrupts _______ and _______ function

Answer 38

vestibular (balance) and hearing

Question 39

Clinicial manifestations of meniere disease

Answer 39

-Recurring episods of vertigo (w/ N/V) -Hearing loss -Ringing in the ears (tinnitus) -Feeling of fullness

Question 40

Treatment of meniere disease?

Answer 40

Symptomatic -May need diet changes -triggered by caffeine, alcohol, stress, MSG, allergies, high salt -Salt restriction -Give drugs that help w/ dizziness