1. Know Products-Reactants 2. Re write the formula and REMEMBER MOLS 3. Expand with compound heat of formation 4. Simplify both sides 5. Subtract and CHECK AGAIN 6. Does it make sense to get positive or negative answer? ENDO OR EXO

E3-E6 Flashcards by Ayushi Choudhary

Combustion

releasing the energy stored in GAS COAL OR FOOD

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What does combustion require? release? products

OXYGEN

ENERGY! (EXOTHERMIC0

CO2 AND H2O

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What happens during combustion to original chem bonds

ORIG BONDS ARE BROKEN
ATOMS ARE RE-ARRANGED
NEW CHEM BONDS ARE FORMED

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Which bonds are in high energy? which are low in energy?

importance

C-H in high energy
C-O and H-O in low energy

The potential energy of products IS LOWER than potential energy of reactants

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forms of energy in combustion reaction

Radiant Energy! (HEAT AND LIGHT FROM FLAME)

Kinetic energy (increases due to temp)

Kinetic energy transferred as heat (warm-> cool)

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Heat of Combustion

Amount of energy releassed when something burns

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Heat of combustion in
exothermic
endowthermic

NEGATIVE!!!!!!!!!!!! (-_)

POSITIVE!!!!!!!!!!!!!(_/-)

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fIRST LAW OF THERMO

Energy cant be creaated or destroyed-> energy changed? lost to surroundings

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how to assess energy in a chemical reacction

CALORIMETER

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Calorimeter in water

Energy is transferred as heat to surrounding water

be recording temp change of water w a thrermomenter! you can get the energy that was transferred

IT IS CRUDE

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How to make advanced calorimeter

INSULATION!

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WHAT IS THE STANDARD HEAT OF FORMATION

ENERGY CHANGE FOR THE FORMATION OF A COMPROUND FROM ITS ELEMENTS IN standard comdition

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heat of formation for an element

ZERO

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Hess’s Law

∆ r H = ∑n∆ f H° products – ∑n∆ f H° reactants

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What does the hess formula work for

ANY REACTION

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hOW TO USE HESSs Law

Know Products-Reactants
Re write the formula and REMEMBER MOLS
Expand with compound heat of formation
Simplify both sides
Subtract and CHECK AGAIN
Does it make sense to get positive or negative answer? ENDO OR EXO

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How to get energy per mole

DIVIDE BY MOLS

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What does nucleus contain

Protons + and Neutrons (neutral)

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Atomic number

of protons

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Mass number

PROTONS-#NEUTRONS

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A mid X

X= element symbol
A= mass number (protons+neutrons)
Z= atomic number (protons)

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How to calculate neutrons!

Mass- protons

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Isotope
neutrons?
protons?
sO WHAT CHANGES DURING NUCLEAR NOTATION

Version of an element with diff # of neturons

SAME # OF PROTONS (bc if not they wouldnt be same element)

The atomic # should be same, but mass number be different in isotopes!

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beryllium 9 location

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beryllium 9 location

9 Be | 4

Nuclear force

attractive force between protons-neutrons and neutrons-neutrons

electrical force

repulsivee force between protons (LIKE FORCE REPEL)

What makes nuceleus stable low neutrons?

Neutrons lessen repulsive force between protons (glue) RADIOACTIVE DECAY BC NUCLEUS UNSTABLE

Radioactive decay

A spontaneous chane in which an unstable nucleus emits radiation

What are the 3 types of radiation

Alpha Beta Gamma

Alpha Decay

NUCELUS BRAKS AND GIVES ALPHA PARTICLES A

Alpha Particles (WHICH ELEMENT?)

are nuclei that c ontain 2 portons and 2 neutrons with charge 2+!!!! THEY CONTAIN HELIUM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

ALPHA DECAY

1. KNOW THAT ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER HAS TO REMAIN THE SAME 2. Helium! 4H2 3. Subtract the top and btottom numbers until they are even!

Beta Decay

Nucleus breaking down to give beta particles stream

What are beta particles represented as

ELECTRONS!!! 0E-1

How to rperesent electrons in beta decay

CHECK SCI 30 BOOK

Gamma Decay

-EMR! NO MASS OR CHARGE

How to do gamma decay questions?

ALL NUMBERS MUST EQUAL INITIAL !

ALPHA BETA AND GAMMA ARE ALL WHAT?

IONIZING PARTICLES!

Alpha beta gamma - easiest to shield? - which go through dense materials? - hardest to sheild?

ALPHA BC LARGEST BETA! GAMMA needs concrete etc

Fusion- energy?STARS

Joining of two small nuclei to form a larger nucleus! YES IT DOES RELEASE ENERGY IN THE PROCESS FUSION IS HOW STARS ARE CREATED

fUSION HAPPENS WHERE?

STARS

What does fusion require!

High temp high pressure Called Hot fusion

Cold fusion

If fusiion could happen at lower temp we could use for energy

Deuteriukm

Foundin seawater can enable cold fusion- make it renewable source of energy

Fission

TO BREAK APART | SPLLITTI8NG OF ONE NUCLEUS TO FORM SMALLER NUCLEI WHILE RELEASING ENERGY!

WHERE WAS FISSIONO RIGNATED

Atomic bombs

CANDU

Canadian Deuterium Uranium ReactoR Nuclear reactor that gen electricity!

NUCLEAR PROCESSES

Kinetic energy of products heats water  high pressure steam  turns turbines  spin generators  produce electricity

How to refuce electricity output?

Put in Less fuel! ! it is the three neutrons that are produced after the U-235 reaction that go onto produce more fission reactions CONTROL THOSE NEUTRONS THAT KICK START THOSE REACTIONS!!!

What is a chain reaaction?

Uncontrolled fisison releases energy so rapidly (leads to nuclear meltdown)

Control rods

These rods absorb neutrons! rhwy CONTROL THE RATE OF A FISSION REACTION ``` raising control rods (faster reaction) lowering rods (slower reactions) ```

How to slow down neutrons | How to contrl

Heavy water w deuterium (moderator to slow neutrosn) CONTROL RODS!

WHAT SLOWS NEUTRONS DOWN

HIGHER DENSITY OF HEAVY WATER!!!! (containign deuterium)

nuclear waste storage

u-235 fision creates ionizing radition for years! - first stored in water for a few years (war=ter absorbs thermal energy and sheilds radiation) - then moved to concrete cansiters above ground

how can small pellet of uranium be equal to so much fossil fuels

Einstein: mass can be converted into energy!

\when mass changes between reactants and products?

result of mass being conveted to energy

what commodity cant be created or destroyed?

ENERGY!

Change in mass change ine ernegy formula?

E=MC^2

What does E=MC^2 MEAN

ANy change in mass= mass converted to energy!

E=MC^2 what is M so if M disappears?

Sum of kinetic potential and mass ernegy! it became enrguy!

e=mc^2 what is e

change in energy!

How to calc change in mass between reactants and product?? fr

PRODUCDTS-REACTANTS

How to tell if energy reaction exo or endo? fr

if it is negative

What must you awlays watch out for

MOLS!

What is nucleons or mass number

Neutrons+protons

what changes in nuclear notation

the mass number (top numver) BOTTOM STAYS THE SAME

Fission reaction trade mark

one thing splits into 3/4

What does fission create

2 NUCLEI AND 3 NEUTRONS

WHAT IS CANDU

FISSION@

FUSION REACTION

Two things come together!

do nuclear plants create particualtesq

NO!

MOST ENERGY REACTIONS

E=MC2

E3-E6 Flashcards

(73 cards)