E.3 - Toursim And Sport At The International Scale Flashcards

Question

How are UNESCO planning to reduce pressure by tourism at Machu Picchu

Answer 1

UNESCO authorities are concerned about deforestation, the risk of landslides, uncontrolled urban development and illegal access to this sanctuary. UNESCO has considered adding the site to the endangered list but so far has not done so. The Ministry of Culture is thinking of limiting the day pass to three hours and limiting the time at each point. The officials are also considering offering alternative checkpoints to get into Machu Picchu to alleviate congestion at the entrance gates. Only 400 people per day are allowed to climb Huayna Picchu and there is a limit of 500 daily permits for the Inca Trail.

Answer 2

• "The entrance for visitors into the Inca city of Machu Picchu will be conducted in an orderly manner and be based on previously organized groups of at most 20 people", the regulations state. • Stricter procedures for guides will require them to wear uniforms and have clearly visible credentials. • They will be limited to three established routes through the Inca Citadel and their clients will be "expressly prohibited" from "leaving an organized tourist group to join another and/or divert to a different guide or person". • Time limits of 3-5 minutes to stop and appreciate some of Machu Picchu's most significant and sacred points of interest, including the Intihuatana, the Temple of the Condor, the Water Mirrors and the Temple of the Sun. The purpose is to prevent bottleneck traffic jams, the regulations say. • "Keep Moving" signs and park guards blow shrill whistles when tourists stray unintentionally into increasingly restricted territory.

Answer 3

Since 2011, the average daily number of visitors at Machu Picchu has far exceeded the daily limit of 2,500 agreed to by Peru and UNESCO. The number of visitors to Machu Picchu surpassed 1 million tourists for the first time ever in 2012.

Answer 4

In many LICs tourism has the potential to stimulate economic growth and development. It generates over 6 per cent of global GNP and 13 per cent of consumer spending. Many LICs possess primary resources (such as beaches, warm climates, forests, mountains, wildlife, heritage features, indigenous people) and secondary resources such as hotels which tourists wish to access. It would be difficult for the individual tourist to arrange their transport and accommodation independently. Moreover, LICs may not have all of the infrastructure in place to develop their own tourist industry. So they have been forced to rely upon the transnational corporations (TNCs) concerned with tourism to organize and market these resources and products.

Answer 5

The TNCs are usually based in HICs. For example, the eight largest hotel chains in the world are all US-based companies. Although the LICs have become politically independent, the exploitation of their resources by the tourists of HICs has been unsustainable.

Answer 6

Hilton Worldwide is an example of a TNC involved in tourism. It was founded in 1919 by Conrad Hilton in the USA and now has over 4,600 hotels in 100 countries. It is the largest hotel chain in the world, by rooms and international presence, with over 750,000 rooms. Since 2005, the company has been a sponsor of the US Olympic Team.

Answer 7

Hilton is credited with the development of the first airport hotel, in San Francisco in 1949. Hilton has concentrated on hotels. It has a number of brands including luxury hotels, such as the Conrad Hotels and Resorts and the Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts, and full service hotels, such as the Hilton Hotels and Resorts. It employs over 160,000 people worldwide.

Answer 8

Thomas Cook Group is a tourism TNC that has diversified. Thomas Cook was originally founded in 1841 to take passengers between the cities of Leicester, Derby, Birmingham and Nottingham, in the UK. Its first tours to Europe took place in 1855 and to the USA in 1865. In 1974, Thomas Cook introduced "circular notes" which National business chains Competitors were later to become traveller's cheques.

Answer 9

In the UK, Thomas Cook became a "vertically Government integrated company Tourism Planners providing air transport, hotels, resorts, cruise lines and a tour operator.

Answer 10

Thomas Cook Group employs over 20,000 people, has nearly 3,000 stores, 97 aircraft and around 20 million customers per year. Thomas Cook was a sponsor of the London 2012 Olympic Games, and was appointed to provide "affordable and accessible accommodation" throughout the Games.

Answer 11

Stakeholders in tourism can include individuals, groups and organizations with a business interest. Examples include agencies, private consultants, planners, leaders and local residents who are impacted by decision-making.

Answer 12

There are five main areas of TNC involvement in the tourism industry - airlines, hotels, cruise lines, tour operators and travel agents. All have been increasingly integrating their terms of business.

Answer 13

in the 1960s American Express moved beyond travellers cheques, buying shares, financing companies and computerizing ticketing. American Express is the largest travel agency in the USA and has offices in every important city around the globe. American Express now handles many other travel-related services including hotel, airline and cruise reservations, travellers cheques and credit cards, computer services, guidebooks and passports.

Answer 14

TNCs such as Expedia and Priceline have affected international tourism by making it cheaper, simpler and more accessible.

Answer 15

International travel is cheaper partly because TNCs have an economy of scale. This means that as they become larger, they can save money. This can happen, for example, by having the same website to deal with several different countries and simply changing the language that appears on the screen.

Answer 16

Skyscanner enables over 60 million customers to view identical information in over thirty languages each month (Skyscanner, 2018), but it is the same website that is being accessed regardless of the country the person is in. Skyscanner further benefits from being based in China with offices in just ten cities: Barcelona, Beijing, Budapest, Edinburgh, Glasgow, London, Miami, Shenzhen, Singapore and Sofia (Skyscanner, 2018). This saves money because the TNC doesn’t need to have offices in every country it operates in.

Answer 17

TNCs have also made it simpler to be a tourist by offering package holidays. For example, Thomas Cook offers full package tours that include everything from the point of the airport departure all the way to the destination and back. By operating the travel agency in the country of origin, as well as the airlines and hotels in the destination, the difficulty of travelling is removed. The customer doesn’t need to speak the local language, or even convert money before arriving, because the travel company does everything for them.

Answer 18

Travel is also more accessible thanks to TNCs. By definition, international airlines are TNCs and they are constantly expanding. New and larger airports are being developed in most countries. International airlines are helping this process by moving to smaller ‘hub’ airports

Answer 19

as the number of travellers has increased, it has become economical to operate from smaller airports with fewer destinations. Ryanair and Easyjet in Europe have been joined by airlines in other parts of the world such as Air Asia. These TNCs operate a simple flight schedule at low cost, often to and from small airports that mean it is easier for people to travel regardless of where they live.

Answer 20

Vertical integration means that the same company owns each stage of the tourism. This would include the travel agent, the airline, the coach company (transferring tourists from the airport to the hotel), the hotel, and the tour guides. For many years, it was easier to make a profit by offering the full package tour because a small profit at each of these levels meant a larger profit at the end.

Answer 21

Horizontal integration means that a company owns several companies offering the same level of the tourism. For example, airlines are frequently owned by airline groups. The International Airlines Group owns Aer Lingus, British Airways, Iberia and Vueling airlines (IAG, 2018). This allows them to make a profit by combining parts of each business. For example, when purchasing new aeroplanes, they can negotiate a bigger discount by buying more planes at once.

Answer 22

Industry consolidation has occurred at both the vertical and horizontal levels. Many brands in travel – including airlines, hotel chains, travel agencies and so on – are actually owned and operated by the same parent company that most people have never heard of. For example, The Travel Corporation owns thirty tourism brands (Golan, 2016). Many of these TNCs are involved in buying their competitors to form larger travel companies. This is known as ‘industry consolidation’.

Answer 23

-TNCs help to make tourist destinations accessible to tourists by investing in the tourist sites -TNCs can invest in infrastructure to attract tourists -The presence TNCs attracts tourists from home countries and elsewhere.

Answer 24

- Greater variety of goods and services at their disposal - There is an increase in the number of jobs available. - TNCs compete with local companies and may put them out of business or cause them to improve their products or services

Answer 25

- More job opportunities. - TNCs provide other perks like subsidized healthcare, holidays etc. - In LICs, TNCs may provide training services for employees. - The working conditions may not be favourable - Local employees do not usually get high-paying jobs. - The use of technology may render some employees redundant

Answer 26

- The government gets more revenue from taxes. - It would reduce the cost of unemployment benefits given by the government to its citizens. - TNCs take the profit back to their home country. - Large TNCs can control the government in LICs

Answer 27

- TNCs create competition in a country in a country, which leads to an improvement in the quality of goods or services provided. - TNCs may advertise the industry for the goods or services they provide which leads to an increase in the demand for such goods or services. - TNCs may take competitors out of business.

Answer 28

- Increases the GDP of a country directly and indirectly through the ‘multiplier’ effect. Multiplier effect: this means that the revenue obtained from the tourism industry could benefit other industries which could yield further income in other industries. - Taxes increase government revenue. Government obtains tax from the tourists which can be used to invest in other projects in the country such as schools. - Increase the foreign exchange earnings of a country. This can help to stabilize the country’s currency. Can be used to import technology and machinery, and invest in other industries through foreign direct investment. -Creates employment for the local people.

Answer 29

- This may divert government attention from needy areas of the economy. Such as education and health. - Requires government expenditure on tourism: The government would have to spend a lot of money providing good roads etc. - Profits may go overseas – In the form of ‘leakage’. Leakage: when the profit is taken outside the country. - Spread effect is limited and may therefore cause regional inequalities. It may only bring about regional development and not national development. - Inflates prices for land, housing, food and clothing.

Answer 30

- May enhance the role and status of women in society. How foreigners behave with their wives would usually influence how people in, for instance, LICs would treat their wives. - Encourages female education. - Saves the indigenous culture of the people due to tourist interest in them. -Increases international understanding of diverse cultures. -Culture exchanges stimulate broadening horizons.

Answer 31

- The breakdown of traditional family values creates a materialistic society. - Social pathology, including an increase in prostitution, drug use and petty crime. - Mass tourism may lead to resentment from the host population - Westernization of culture may lead to the depletion of the cultural heritage of the local people.

Answer 32

- Improvement in landscape and architectural standards - The establishment of nature reserves and national parks protects the environment. - Promotes interest in monuments and historic sites which encourages preservation and maintenance of the sites.

Answer 33

- Tourist complexes do not reflect local architecture - The natural environment and wildlife habitat could be destroyed to allow for the development of secondary tourist facilities such as hotels, nightclubs etc. - Excessive pressure leads to air, noise and visual pollution - Traffic congestion and pollution

Answer 34

The Maldives consists of an archipelago of 1190 islands and of which only 200 are inhabited by a population of 300000. Located at a latitudes of 3 degrees north. The island experiences hot and humid climates throughout the year of temp between 26-30 degrees. The dry season is from October to April. 400,000 tourists who visit the islands annually, the sun-sea-sand combination makes this an ideal holiday destination.

Answer 35

Tourism accounts for 28 per cent of the Maldives' GDP and more than 60 per cent of its foreign exchange receipts. Over 90 per cent of government tax revenue comes from import duties. The development of tourism has fostered the overall growth of the country's economy. It has created direct and indirect employment and income generation opportunities in other related industries, the so-called multiplier effect. Fishing was once the prime industry here, but more recently tourism has assumed much greater importance. Agriculture and manufacturing continue to play a lesser role in the economy, constrained by the limited availability of cultivatable land and the shortage of domestic labour. Most staple foods must be imported. Industry, which consists mainly of garment production, boat building and handicrafts, accounted for only about 7 per cent of the Maldives' GDP in 2009.

Answer 36

Tourist demand and revenue grew rapidly between 1990 and 2009, at an annual rate of 5 per cent, but the rate has fallen and is predicted to average 2 per cent between 2010 and 2020.

Answer 37

Sea-level rise is a real threat to the Maldives, where the average ground level is only 1.5 m above sea level: it is the lowest country on the planet. Since the early 1900s sea level has risen globally by about 20 cm, and current estimates suggest that it will rise by a further 59 cm by 2100. Tsunamis are another threat. These islands are in a tectonically active zone and were badly affected by the Asian tsunami of December 2004, which left 100 dead, displaced 12,000 and caused $300 million of property damage. As a result of the tsunami tourist demand fell, and GDP contracted by 4.6 per cent in 2005. Although reconstruction was rapid and tourist numbers recovered, the trade deficit grew as a result of high oil prices and the import of construction materials required to rebuild resorts.

Answer 38

Depletion of resources The average tourist consumes more water and energy than the average Maldivian, and both are expensive to produce. Almost all water is provided by desalination. Groundwater supplies are running short and are often contaminated by sewage or saltwater incursion. All energy is produced by generator except on Male and Hulhulé Islands. The Maldives have no economic minerals and agricultural potential is very low. Pollution Solid and liquid waste production by tourists is also high, and matches their consumption. Solid waste is either dumped in poorly managed landfill sites, incinerated or dumped at sea. All three processes are unsustainable.

Answer 39

The environment All new tourism development sites must undergo an environmental impact assessment to measure potential construction carrying capacity for the area. Developers must produce a mitigation plan against flooding. This must include a 40 m setback from the high-water mark, a maximum of 20 per cent land coverage by buildings, and building height restriction to tree-top level. Building materials such as sand and aggregates must be imported, mainly from India, but there is scope for recycling all demolition and building waste. The problem of waste management is addressed through the compulsory installation of incinerators, bottle crushers and compactors in all resorts. Sewage disposal through soak-pits into the aquifer is discouraged, and all new resort developments must now have their own waste-water treatment plants. The installation of desalination plants for the provision of desalinated water in tourist resorts has also substantially reduced the stress on the natural aquifer. President Mohamed Nasheed pledged to make the Maldives carbon neutral within a decade, which means encouraging the development of solar and wind energy. In 2009 he held an underwater cabinet meeting to emphasize his commitment to addressing the problem of climate change and consequent sea-level rise.

Answer 40

The Maldivian government aims to diversify the economy beyond tourism and fishing, and encourage linkage between tourism and other sectors such as construction, manufacturing and transport. Other aims include reforming public finance and encouraging foreign investment in the development of new resorts, broadening the tourism market by promoting domestic tourism, and attracting visitors from China and India. The goal is to increase employment, which is problematic given the limited resource base of the Maldives.

Answer 41

Lobbying The organisers of the bid must persuade the organisers of the sustainability and legacy of the event if it is held in their location. Lobbying is the attempt to persuade the committees that they are the best choice. This can happen privately and publicly. There has been some controversy in the past with suggestions that some winning bids have been lobbied with corrupt methods. Governance structures and organisational capability Bids must demonstrate that they have the organisational ability to host such major events. This generally means that they can show evidence of having clear and strong government with big infrastructure projects having been successfully implemented in the past. Legal framework The bids must show that they have the legal backing of their country. For example, it must be shown that people will not be illegally evicted from their homes as part of the construction of a new stadium. Also, bids should demonstrate that they are not corrupt, so that the integrity of the event is not questioned.

Answer 42

The main economic factor is the ability of the country to raise the money needed to build the facilities, either from the private sector or through taxation. A secondary factor is the existing infrastructure such as transport. It is mainly for economic reasons that major sporting events are almost always held in High Income Countries such as the UK or USA, or Middle Income Countries that are fast developing such as South Africa and China.

Answer 43

The selection of Qatar as the host of the 2022 World Cup raised eyebrows among many people because of the lack of a footballing tradition within the country. Events are usually held in locations which have an established cultural link to the sport being played. However, part of the bidding process involves demonstrating how hosting the sports event can raise its profile in the country.

Answer 44

A main outcome of a successful major international sporting event is the prestige that it confers on a city or country. The Olympics in Barcelona (1992), Sydney (2000) and London (2012) were all considered a great success and improved the international standing of those countries. Barcelona especially benefited from hosting the Games and transformed its image from an industrial port city to that of a world tourist destination. A further consideration is that being awarded a major event can be a recognition of a country’s level of development towards being an open and successful society. China, South Africa and Brazil have all hosted major sports events which have, in part, reflected international recognition of the level to which these countries have developed their economies, government systems and infrastructure. The sporting event can be seen as a ‘seal of approval’ from the international community.

Answer 45

Host nations and cities will likely experience a boom in tourism during the event as people come to watch. In London’s 2012 Olympics, around 600,0000 people visited and spend almost double the amount of non-Olympic tourists (Telegraph, 2012). Other benefits include sponsorship. Some estimates suggest that Rio de Janeiro’s 2016 Olympics earned around US$1.3 billion from sponsorship (Chapman, 2016).

Answer 46

The London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games were considered to be a great success for various reasons. The Games attracted a worldwide audience and helped to regenerate one of London's poorest areas. The Games created some 12,000 new jobs, up to £17 billion was spent on upgrading infrastructure and 2,800 new homes were built. The Games were a major factor in a 1.2 per cent reduction in London's unemployment rate in early 2012. More than 46,000 people worked at the Olympic Park and Olympic Village, more than 10 per cent of whor were previously registered unemployed.

Answer 47

The Games encouraged developments in the East End of London, such as Westfield shopping centre employing the unemployed from the East End. In the run-up to the games, women and black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) people found employment in construction iobs connected with the Games. The "Women into Construction" project funded by the London Development Agency and construction schools recruited and placed 266 women directly with Olympic Park contractors.

Answer 48

The UK government invested £30 million to transform the Olympic site into the "Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park" which includes housing, new schools, health centres, business space and sports venues. This involves converting the Olympic Village into more than 2,800 flats with additional new neighbourhoods containing 11,000 residences, a third of which will be affordable housing.

Answer 49

Transport for London invested £6.5 million in transport infrastructure in preparation for the 2012 games. Ten railway lines and 30 new bridges now connect London communities. There has been a £10 million investment to upgrade pedestrian cycling routes.

Answer 50

Sustainable efforts in this project were monitored by an independent commission that rated the global effort as "a great success". More than 90 per cent of demolition waste was recycled and 62 per cent of operational waste was reused, recycled or composted. To encourage biodiversity 300,000 plants were planted in the Olympic Park's wetlands area. In addition, over 1,000 new trees were planted in East London.

Answer 51

Nevertheless, there were many people who were not happy with the Games. They cost around £ll billion (plus the cost of infrastructure developments) and received lottery funding of £675 million, which could have gone elsewhere. Some people and businesses did not want to move but were forcibly relocated. There were regional development impacts too - London and the South East received the bulk of the funds, increasing inequalities between those areas and the rest of the country. Table E.10: Financial costs

Answer 52

Running the Games: £1.5 bn Olympic stadium: £560 m Athletes' village and park: £650 m Security: £200 m Redevelopment: £800 m Transport and infrastructure: £7 bn

Answer 53

INCOME Lottery £1.5 bn TV and marketing £560 m Sponsorship and official suppliers: £450 m Ticket revenues: £300 m Licensing: £50 m London Development Agency: £250 m Council tax levy: £625 m

Answer 54

• to regenerate and transform one of London's poorest areas • to create a Games for the world, reflecting London's diversity • to inspire young people into taking part in sport • to create a legacy for east London which would last beyond 2012.

Answer 55

There were many changes that the Games brought about and continue to bring about. A new Olympic Park, the Queen Elizabeth Park, was opened on 1 January 2013 along the Lea river. Some 2,800 housing units were created from the Athletes Village and 50 per cent of these were affordable housing for local people. The first new residents moved into East Village in April 2013. In July 2013 the Copper Box opened as a local community leisure facility. In spring 2014 the Aquatic Centre opened as a local swimming pool. Transport infrastructure continues to be improved - in 2017 Crossrail will open at Stratford ready for the World Athletics Championships. Another 7,000 flats may be built by 2035. In 2016 the football club West Ham United moved into the Olympic Stadium, and in 2017 the media centre reopened as "Here East" a tech start-up hub.

Answer 56

This aim has not been achieved: according to Sport England, the number of Britons exerting themselves at least once a week fell b 200.000 between 2012 and 2014. Partly this is down to government cuts to sports centres and the like.

Answer 57

After the 2012 Olvmpic Games the London 2012 organizers stated that they wanted an even better performance from British Athletes in the 2016 Olympic Games, and so the British government provided an extra £l billion towards the development of elite sports, upgrading of existing infrastructure, the creation of new sports facilities and increased participation in sports, in particular sports related to the Olvmpic and Parlavmpic Games. The focus on elite athletes might not translate into local participation.

Answer 58

London area, is still very deprived. Much more long-term development is needed to change the relative inequalities in London. The waiting list for social housing in Tower Hamlets is around 22,000. Many of the housing developments are private - only 28 per cent are earmarked to be "affordable" (defined as 80 per cent of the market rent). Although the unemployment rate fell in Newham and Tower Hamlets, it is still higher than London's average.

Answer 59

benefits - investment in infastructure and transport * 14 mution in infastructure expand transport network into the east - influx of foreign investment * 2 million in economic benefits - increased employment, investment, spending and consumer spending Job creation - creates jobs up to 4 years before ine event - 80,000 jobs created - 2.8 bulon revenue for hospitality, retail, tourism

Answer 60

Costs • - expenses • creates nigher tax of population if costs aren’t met through sponsersnip and ticket sales • montreal Olympics were estimated to cost 120 million but ended up costing 1.6bn and it took 30 years to pay • will the infastructure be used in the future In the rio games the Olympic village has now been abandoned many buudings built cost even more money to make them available to the public - oppertunity costs local taxpayers aren’t always suportive as they feel there are better alternatives

E.3 - Toursim And Sport At The International Scale Flashcards

(84 cards)