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Question

failure of passive transfer lesions

Answer 1

-not enough colostrum in first 24 hours. -mild fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, meningitis, -all from endothelial damage and leakage of fibrinogen -diffuse pulmonary edema and congestion: from vasodialation, endothelial leakage and cardio compromise. -skin: generalized petechiation from endo damage-> DIC -spleenomegaly MEATY spleen and lymphomegaly from activation of macrophages.

Answer 2

 Epithelial remodeling can lead to unchecked hyperplasia and cell transformation  The normal check for this is the stimulus of chronic and solid stress  hyperplasia within the lumen should trigger removal of these cells  If not -- the pre-neoplastic ductal mass may invade surrounding tissue and migrate further

Answer 3

 Ascending infections**: can be forced up ducts by an automated milker (DAIRY). -Bacteria, fungi, parasites - Teat lesions  Direct penetration: Penetrating injury  Systemic infection and localization -Systemic fungi, viruses, mycoplasmas, mycobacteria

Answer 4

 Drainage of secretions  NORMAL CONFORMATION of ducts and sphincter  Neutrophils/ macriophages  Lactoferrin:  Increases with MASTITIS and involution, Withholds iron from bacteria  Lysozyme: Cell wall Lysis  Complement  Cytokines  Microbial recognition molecules

Answer 5

1. Severe mastitis (± necrosis) Severe with necrosis = gangrenous mastitis 2. Suppurative mastitis 3. Subclinical mastitis 4. Granulomatous mastitis

Answer 6

Contagious:  Streptococcus agalactiae**  Staphylococcus aureus**  Mycoplasma bovis Skin or environmental contaminants:  Escherichia coli  Klebsiella pneumonia

Answer 7

 Suppurative to Severe (±Necrotizing) mastitis due to endotoxin release  NOT FATAL  Milk quality is altered, and strands or clumps of debris or pus are present in the milk  Associations:  Older cattle, inadequate hygiene and antibacterial treatments -large $$ loss

Answer 8

 Pathogenesis:  Edema + neutrophils -> brief epithelial hyperplasia -> Macrophages and fibrosis in lumen of alveoli -> spreads outward to adjacent alveoli -> INVOLUTION and periductal fibrosis and granulation** -> squamous metaplasia with regeneration of the ducts

Answer 9

PERACUTE form: most severe, necrosis and infarction (gangrenous)**  Occurs shortly after parturition.  Classic heat, redness, swelling, and pain (inflammation)  progresses to coldness, blue-black color and edema (necrosis)  Can be fatal  Pathogenesis:  Interalveolar edema -> epithelial swelling, vacuolation, and focal erosion (ductal junctions) -> epithelial attachment of bacteria -> focal damage, necrosis and neutrophils -> luminal pus accumulation

Answer 10

 ACUTE form: less severe form  Fever, anorexia, toxemia  May be fatal

Answer 11

 Chronic is MOST COMMON FORM  Decreased milk yield  watery with clots  Inflammation and abscessation  can lead to Botryomycosis: granular bacterial and necrotic debris surrounded by granuloma**  Pathogenesis: (<48h post infection)  CHRONIC: similar to S. agalactiae ± lymphocytes

Answer 12

 Sporadic individual cases and outbreaks -> culling ($$$)  Infection by hematogeous and ascending routes  Quarters are enlarged and firm with nodular abscesses  Dramatic drop in milk production  Systemic disease limited  mycoplasmal arthritis or pneumonia

Answer 13

 Milder forms in herds with good control of contagious mastitis  Environmenatl Bacteria -> ascending infection  Milk quality is altered,  strands or clumps of debris or pus***  Gram negative bacteria with endotoxins (LPS) -> vascular damage  Endotoxemia -> Death  septicemia ~1/3 of clinical cases -in well maintanted healthy herd, enviro basteria: E.coli, klebsiella pneymoniae

Answer 14

 ACUTE form (Gram negative):  Older cattle, inadequate hygiene and antibacterial treatments  Hyperemia, edema, hemorrhage, necrosis and inflammation centered on the lactiferous ducts  Sequestration:** necrotic mammary tissue separates from the viable tissue (can be a large portion of a quarter)

Answer 15

Suppurative mastitis: * Trueperella pyogenes * Mycoplasma bovis * Streptococcus dysgalactia

Answer 16

-blue bag:  There are two main bacterial agents recovered from mastitis of sheep:  Mannheimia haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus  ACUTE, unexpected death:  bacteria cause an acute necrotizing/gangrenous mastitis  "blue bag"  Maedi-visna virus (multisystemic)  chronic inflammation  mammary glands = “hard udder”

Answer 17

 Staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis in goats are similar to cattle  Mycoplasma agalactiae:  Inflammation in mammary gland is followed by progressive fibrosis and glandular atrophy, hence dramatic decrease in milk production (agalactia).  This disease is initially septicemic and often fatal.  Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus: Chronic mastitis = hard udder

Answer 18

 Mastitis occurs early in lactation or pseudopregnancy**  Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Escherichia coli  May be superimposed on top of mammary hyperplasia or neoplasia

Answer 19

 Cat vs. Dog  Mammary tumors are most common in dogs and uncommon in cats  ~80% are benign in dogs vs. ~80% are malignant in cats -Epithelial and combined epithelial and myoepithelial tumors  Fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma are particularly aggressive and metastatic  Ovariohysterectomy after the second estrus** dramatically increases the prevalence of this disease.  A high-protein diet decreases susceptibility

Answer 20

 Highly prevalent and is the most common disease of the gland  It occurs in young, intact queens (<2y) and most often in SPRING  The lesion is proliferation of mammary ducts and adjacent stroma  Progesterone -> Overstimulation/dysregulation of tissue growth  Hemorrhages, coagulative necrosis, and/or ulceration can occur  Resolution is spontaneous or with ovariohysterectom

Answer 21

 Most often carcinomas with relatively wide range of post- excisional survival  Metastasis common  Ovariohysterectomy before the second estrus dramatically decreases the prevalence of mammary tumors in cats**  Cats with neoplasms that are greater than 3 cm in diameter have shorter survival -**graded based on: invasion, mitotic rate, and nuclear shape

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