Ear

Question 1

help focus and direct air pressure waves through external auditory meatus to the middle ear

Answer 1

external ear

Question 2

associated ossicles and muscles fine tun and amplify the vibrations of air

Answer 2

middle ear

Question 3

contains organs of hearing and balance

Answer 3

inner ear

Question 4

transduces vibrations of the basilar membrane into action potentials, which are then relayed to the cortex and perceived as sound/hearing

Answer 4

cochlea

Question 5

three main components of the vestibular system

Answer 5

semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle

Question 6

tranduces acceleration forces of the fluids (endolymph) into action potentials, which are relayed to the cortex and perceived as movements/balance

Answer 6

vestibular system

Question 7

four nerves that innervate the external sensory ear

Answer 7

• lesser occipital (posterior/superior)
• great auricular (anterior/inferior)
• auriculotemporal (anterior)
• vagus (posterior)

Question 8

two veins for drainage of external ear

Answer 8

• superficial temporal v

- retromandibular v

Question 9

two arteries that supply external ear

Answer 9

• superficial temporal a

- posterior auricular a

Question 10

skin pulled from the cartilage, and or separated from the cartilage by blood

Answer 10

cauliflower ear

Question 11

canal which extends from the external opening of the ear to the tympanic membrane

Answer 11

external acoustic meatus

Question 12

tympanic membrane is located on the

Answer 12

lateral wall of the middle ear

Question 13

modified skin continuous with external acoustic meatus; innervated by auriculotemporal n and vagus

Answer 13

outer layer - tympanic membrane

Question 14

mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity; innervated by glossopharygneal n

Answer 14

inner layer - tympanic membrane

Question 15

fibrous tissue; gives strength to the mucous membrane; innervated by sensory component of facial n

Answer 15

intermediate layer - tympanic membrane

Question 16

cavity that is directly medial to the tympanic membrane; contains the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes

Answer 16

tympanic cavity proper

Question 17

the stapes vibrates fluid (perilymph) in the inner ear via

Answer 17

oval window

Question 18

superior to the tympanic cavity proper

Answer 18

epitympanic recess

Question 19

separates the middle ear from the crania cavity

Answer 19

tegmen tympani

Question 20

continuation of the tegmen tympani (possible pathway for spread of infection)

Answer 20

mastoid antrum

Question 21

connects the middle ear to the pharynx; equalizes pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane

Answer 21

pharyngotympanic tube (also known as auditory tube, eustachian tube)

Question 22

opens the eustachian tube when swallowing

Answer 22

salpingopharyngeus m

Question 23

contracts longitudinally, the thickening of the muscles pushes against the wall of the eustachian tube

Answer 23

levator veli palatini

Question 24

simultaneously pulls on the opposing wall of the eustachian tube

Answer 24

tensor veli palatini

Question 25

Ossicles order from outside in (MIS)

Answer 25

- malleus - incus - stapes

Question 26

Pinch nose & gently exhale to increase pressure on eustachian tube

Answer 26

Valsalva maneuver

Question 27

Valsalva maneuver plus swallowing

Answer 27

Toynbee maneuver

Question 28

T/F: eustachian tube is primarily made of bone

Answer 28

False: mostly cartilage

Question 29

What three muscles act upon opening pharynogotympanic tube

Answer 29

- saalpingopharyngeus - lavator veli palatini - tensor veli palatini

Question 30

Which ossicle vibrates the oval window?

Answer 30

- footplate of the stapes (starts fluid wave that goes all the way around & transfers to round window)

Question 31

What part of the ossicles is on the back side of the tympanic membrane?

Answer 31

Handle of the malleus

Question 32

O I A & Inn of tensor tympani

Answer 32

O - eustachian tube I - handle of malleus bone A - increase tension on the tympanic membrane by pulling handle medically (releasing amplitude) Inn - V3 of trigeminal

Question 33

O I A & Inn of stapedius

Answer 33

O - pyramidal eminence I - stapes bone A - lessen vibrations of the stapes bone by pulling the stapes posteriorly N - facial nerve

Question 34

Boundaries of the middle ear

Answer 34

Medial - promontory (tympanic plexus: lesser petrosal, internal carotid plexus, tympanic of glossopharyngeal (sensory - pre gang)) Lateral - tympanic membrane (CN 5,7,9,10) Floor - internal jugular vein Posterior - mastoid air cells (pyramidal eminence) Anterior - carotid canal Roof - tegmentum tympani

Question 35

Sterile fluid that is built up in the eustachian tube; glue ear - no infection

Answer 35

Otitis media

Question 36

Infection due to bacteria or virus in fluid backing up the eustachian tube; fever is typically seen

Answer 36

Acute otitis media

Question 37

What forms the tympanic plexus

Answer 37

- tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal n - branches of carotid plexus covering promontory - plexus gives off: lesser petrosal nerve (p/s to otic ganglion)

Question 38

Organ of hearing

Answer 38

Cochlea (organ of corti)

Question 39

Organ of balance/equilibrium

Answer 39

Semicircular canals (dynamic equilibrium), utricle (horizontal mov), & saccule (vertical mov)

Question 40

Pathway of vibrations

Answer 40

Stapes -> cochlea (vestibular duct) | Vestibular duct -> cochlear duct (perilymph)

Question 41

The vestibule is made up of what two anatomical features

Answer 41

Utricle & saccule (otoliths)

Question 42

Utricle is associated with what movement

Answer 42

Horizontal

Question 43

Saccule is associated with what kind of movement

Answer 43

Vertical

Question 44

Sense change in angular acceleration or rotation of the head

Answer 44

Semicircular canals (moves hair cells, but no stones)

Question 45

Sense change in liner motion & gravity, otolithic organ

Answer 45

Vestibule (hair cells & stones present)

Question 46

Most common cause of dizziness, vertigo

Answer 46

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo | - stone releases from otoliths & becomes lodged in semicircular canal