Early Adulthood Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
physical functioning
A
optimum physical and cogntive functioning = achieved in 20s and 30s
2
Q
primary aging
A
- age-related physical changes that have a biological basis
- universally shared and unavoidable
3
Q
secondary aging
A
- age-related changes due to social and environmental influences (poor health habits, disease)
- age interacts with other variables to influence health
4
Q
determinants of health
A
- socioeconomic factors (50%)
- health care system (25%)
- biology and genetics (15%)
- physical environment (10%)
5
Q
determinants of health: socioeconomic factors
A
- culture
- early childhood development
- education
- employment
- emotional support
- personal health behaviours
- socioeconomic status
6
Q
determinants of health: health care system
A
- hospitals
- hospitals and clinics
-medical services - professionals
7
Q
determinants of health: biology and genetics
A
- organs
-body systems - DNA
8
Q
determinants of health: physical environment
A
- adequate housing
- safe work place/communities
- clean air, water, and soil
9
Q
brain and nervous system
A
- new synapses continue to form
- myelinization continues to happen
- old connections start dying off
- brain continues to mature
- new peak in brain development
10
Q
new peak in brain development characteristics
A
- affect cognitive skills of response inhibition
- may depend on ability of frontal lobes of brain to regulate limbic system
11
Q
limbic system
A
regulates emotional responses
12
Q
causes of mental health issues
A
- period in which adults have the highest expectations and shifting roles
- interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
13
Q
causes of mental health issues: interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
A
- tend to run in families
- increasing disturbances in specific brain function
14
Q
anxiety disorders
A
- most common mental disorders
- phobias, GAD, OCD, panic disorder
- associated with intense prolonged fear, anxiety
15
Q
mood disorders
A
- second most common mental disorder
- depression, bipolar, cyclothymic, etc.
- mood disturbances
16
Q
personality disorders
A
- serious disturbances in cognitive, emotional, and social functioning that is not easily treated
- a collection of personality characteristics can lead to distress, social, and occupational dysfunction
- some improve, most remain problematic for life
17
Q
to be diagnosed with a personality disorder
A
- exhibit B since middle-late adolescence
- demonstrate B consistently across most situations
18
Q
cluster A of personality disorders
A
odd behaviour
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal
19
Q
cluster B of personality disorders
A
erratic, overly dramatic behaviour
- narcissistic
- histrionic
- borderline
- antisocial
20
Q
cluster C of personality disorders
A
anxious, fearful behaviour
- obsessive-compulsive
- avoidant
-dependent
21
Q
interesting questions:
how would children with antisocial tendencies respond to the little Albert experiment?
A
create hypothesizes
22
Q
interesting questions: what are the connections with social learning, imitation, and violent behaviour
A
create hypotheses
23
Q
interesting questions: is modelling violent behaviour more straightforward than prosocial behaviour?
A
create hypotheses
24
Q
validity of personality disorders
A
- little is known about etiology
- few seek treatment (ego-syntonic)
- have childhood antecedents
- stable across lifespan
25
schizophrenia
-disturbances of thought (confused thinking, delusions, hallucinations)
- may interfere with normal functioning
- positive and negative symptoms
26
ego-syntonic
- feelings that are in harmony
- few seek treatment
27
ego-dystonic
- distressing feelings
- most seek treatment
28
schizophrenia: confused thinking
29
schizophrenia: delusions
30
schizophrenia: hallucinations
31
schizophrenia: positive symptoms
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized behaviour and speech
32
schizophrenia: negative symptoms
- anhedonia (lack of pleasure)
- amotivation
- flat effect
- alogia (lack of speech productivity)
33
alcohol and substance abuse disorders: binge drinking
- associated with variety of problems
- rate of ____ increase
1. unprotected sex
2. physical injury
3. driving while intoxicated
4. trouble with the police
34
alcohol and substance abuse disorders: influences
- how fast the effects of the drug are felt
- how pleasurable the drug is in producing euphoria or extinguishing pain
- how long the pleasurable the effects last
- how much discomfort is experienced when stop using the drug
35
Piaget's formal operations and beyond
- theorists argue development does not stop here
- post-formal thoughts
36
post-formal thoughts
- types of thinking associated with hypothesized 5th stage of development
- includes:
1. relativism
2. dialectical thought
3. reflective judgment
37
post-formal thoughts: relativism
idea that some propositions cannot be adequately described as true or false
38
post-formal thoughts: dialectical thought
form of thought involving recognition and acceptance of uncertainty
39
post-formal thoughts: reflective judgment
ability to identify assumptions of different perspectives on controversial issues
40
intelligence
- crystallized intelligence
- fluid intelligence
41
crystallized intelligence
- depends heavily on education and experience
- consists of skills and knowledge every adult learns while growing up
- maintained throughout life
42
fluid intelligence
- involves basic abilities
- depends on efficient functioning of the CNS
- less specific on experience
- declines throughout adulthood, starting around 40 years old
43
post-secondary education
- formal education post-secondary has become necessary
- number of enrolled students has increased
- there is a developmental impact
44
developmental impact of post-secondary education
- run the risk of becoming overqualified and underemployed
- shortage of youth who possess the higher-level skills needed in sectors where there is in high job demand
45
social connections
become much more complex through marriage, divorce, parenthood, career development
46
Erikson's intimacy vs isolation
intimacy:
- the capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one's own sense of self
isolation
- incapable of forming relationships
47
successful resolution
depends on good resolution of identity vs role confusion crisis encountered in adolescence
48
Levinson's life structure
-underlying pattern or design of a person's life at a given time
- we go through periods of stability and instability
- includes roles, relationships, and behaviour patterns
49
emerging adulthood is a ___ period
transitional
50
era changes in partnerships
- same-sex marriage
- interracial unions
- internet dating
51
evolutionary theories
52
social role theory
- differences in mate preferences/mating B = adaptions to culturally defined roles
- example:
53
social assertive mating theory
tendency to mate with someone with similar traits
54
socio-cognitive attraction
- Are we attracted to people who are similar to us
or
- Are we attracted to people who have traits we desire for ourselves
55
halo effect
- sociocognitive bias
-we assign positive attributes to a person based on a single trait that we deem positive
56
horns effect
- sociocognitive bias
- we assign negative attributes to a person based on a single trait we deem negative
57
quality of relationships: influences
- attachment style
- attitudes toward certain issues
- conflict management
- each partner brings skills, resources, traits
- love
- personality
58
adult attachment style
-secure
- anxious-preoccupied
- dismissive-avoidant
- fearful
59
adult attachment style: secure
- typically comfortable in their relationships
- find no issue with commitment
- trust their partners
60
adult attachment style: anxious-preoccupied
- exhibit forms of separation anxiety
- can exhibit low self-esteem
- can become overdependent on their partners
- can push partners away because of insecurities
61
adult attachment style: dismissive-avoidant
- can be guarded
- exhibit lack of trust towards potential partners
- show no interest in forming close relationships
62
adult attachment style: fearful (disorganized)
- typically demonstrate inconsistent and fluctuating feelings about intimacy
- might desire close intimate relationships
- may become avoidant with partner
63
Sternberg's theory of love components
-commitment
- intimacy
- passion
64
Sternberg subvarieties of love
- consumate (all 3)
- companionate (intimacy and commitment)
- fatuous (passion and commitment)
- romantic (intimacy and passion)
- empty love (commitment)
- liking (intimacy)
- infatuation (passion)
65
conflict resolution
good predictor of how successful relationship will be
66
successful conflict resolution
- validating
- volatile
- conflict avoidant
67
validating conflict resolution
- partners support each other
- try to find a compromise
68
volatile conflict resolution
- partners are outspoken and honest
- can often get into arguments
- use strategies to diffuse (humour)
- typically have more positive experiences than negative
69
conflict avoidant conflict resolution
- understand they can "agree to disagree"
- do not actively engage in disagreements
70
unsuccessful conflict resolution
- hostile-engaged
- hostile-detached
71
hostile-engaged conflict resolution
- partners exhibit high levels of defensiveness and competitiveness to win arguments
- can hold grudges
- can extend disagreements for a long time
72
hostile-detached conflict resolution
-emotionally detached
- have increasing levels of negativity
- typically withhold information
- can show signs of passive-aggressiveness
73
divorce psychological effects
- increase in mental health problems, especially depression
- compared to those who stay married
74
cohabitation
- divorce rate for those who cohabit before marriage = 2x higher than those who did not
75
LGBTQ+ partnerships
- 1/3 same-sex = married
- 2/3 = common-law
- LGBTQ+ partners tend to be more dependent on each other for support
76
singlehood
- many singles still have intimate relationships
- once they determine they expect to stay single, self-affirmation may protect singles from some of the negative aspects
77
transition to parenthood
- new parents may argue about child-rearing and chores
- usually very tired
- some cultures have ritualized rites of passage that help new parents cope
78
post-partum depression
- severe mood disturbance resulting in feelings of sadness
- can last weeks, months, years
- hormones play a role
- greatest predictor of PPD: depression during pregnancy
- 10%-15% new mothers experience this
79
developmental impact of parenthood
- positive B changes
- marital satisfaction declines:
1. peaks before birth of 1st child
2. decrease after birth, remains at lower level
3. increase after last child leaves home
80
achieving balance between work and family
- an important but elusive goal
- affects satisfaction
- pre-existing successful conflict resolution strategies help
- having both parents in the home = less dissatisfaction
81
life without children
- marital satisfaction fluctuates less over time for childless couples
- report higher cohesion than couples with children
82
social networks
- family
- friends
83
social networks: family
- parents remain significant parts in young adult's life
- relationship = strongly influenced by proximity
- family connectedness over time = strong cultural influences
84
social networks: friends
- chosen among those we see like ourselves
- education, social class, interests, family background, family life cycle stage
85
worker role
- most need to support themselves financially
- satisfying work = important for mental health
- in women and men
86
choosing occupation (family influence)
- generally is an occupation with same social class as parents (less true today though)
- value system
- moral beliefs influence willingness
87
job satisfaction
- lowest in early early adulthood
- increases steadily until retirement
- personality traits affect job satisfaction
- more prepared for job = better satisfied
88
Hazan and Shaver findings
adults who were secure in their romantic relationships were more likely to recall their childhood relationships with parents as being affectionate, caring, and accepting
