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Developmental Psych > Early Childhood > Flashcards

Early Childhood Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

How do growth patterns vary over regions?

A

they are similar. whereas individually they vary

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2
Q

Childhood Obesity

A

significant problem, approx. 9 million children are obese in the U.S.

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3
Q

What percentage of 1,000 children in a study were overweight at any point as preschoolers were overweight at age 12?

A

60%

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4
Q

What major conditions can occur because of obesity?

A

heart conditions and diabetes

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5
Q

Healthy eating solutions

A

Provide healthy meals, allow children to choose how much they want to eat, may eat lots at one time then less later

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6
Q

About how many children die everyday from injuries in the U.S. per day?

A

15

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7
Q

Most common injuries/ hospitals visit causes?

A

drowning, auto accidents, fire/burns, airway obstruction

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8
Q

Malnutrition

A

causes half of deaths for children younger than 5 worldwide

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9
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

when children don’t have enough protein intake

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10
Q

Maramus

A

insufficient intake of proteins, carbs, and fats

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11
Q

Keys to good sleep

A

regular bed time, transition object, transitioning to an earlier bedtime

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12
Q

transition object

A

if struggling with parent not being in the room

ex.teddy bear or blanket

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13
Q

fine motor skills

A

involve the small muscles and hand eye-coordination

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14
Q

systems of action

A

as children continually merge abilities they already have with those they are acquiring to produce more complex capabilities.

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15
Q

handedness

A

preference for one hand

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16
Q

preoperational stage

A

symbolic thought expand but cannot use logic yet

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17
Q

cortisol

A

stress hormone

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18
Q

encoding

A

information input, what information is taken in and how it is taken in

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19
Q

storage

A

information retention, how and what is stored

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20
Q

retrieval

A

bring back information that had previously been stored

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21
Q

sensory memory

A

information that you briefly obtain from the environment

ex. sights, sounds, smells, feelings

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22
Q

working memory

A

retaining information for a short period of time, especially when distracting information is present

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23
Q

what type of parenting is associated with a stimulating environment

A

responsive parenting

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24
Q

long term memory

A

storage that last beyond several minutes

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25
generic memory
branch of long term memory, you can script based on experience
26
episodic memory
recall of a specific incident
27
autobiographical memory
recall of personally meaningful experiences
28
symbolic development
represents information, use if words, images, numbers or pretend play
29
causality
children use transduction to understand events, seem to understand cause and effect
30
transduction
child's tendency to mentally link particular phenomena, no matter if there is a connection or not
31
animism
tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive
32
empathy
ability to understand the feelings of others
33
theory of mind
becoming more aware of mental activity and the functioning mind
34
centration
focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others
35
irreveribility
failure to understand that some operations or actions can be reversed
36
ethnocentrism
belief that everyone thinks, perceives, and feels as they do
37
arguments against Piaget
question wording could have impacted responses, different ways of testing could give different results
38
zone of proximal development
the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help
39
scaffolding
help a child receives before they understand a concept a concept or complete and activity independently
40
language piaget vs. vygotsky
piaget- thought comes first then language. vygotsky- thinking and language are parallel
41
fast mapping
can guess at meanings of words after hearing them once
42
emergent literacy
development of oral language
43
pragmatics
knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes
44
montessori
children really learn at their own pace, have teachers as guides, some structure is present
45
reggio emilia
based on exploration, teachers assist students in their learning, teachers ask questions to provoke thought
46
head start
compensatory program, established to provide early education to children from low income families
47
self concept
our understanding of our abilities and characteristics
48
self definition
how children describe themselves
49
single representations
1-dimensional thinking about self, mixed emotions dont exist,
50
representational mappings
logical connections made between aspects of the self
51
self esteem
judgement one makes about his or her self
52
learned helplessness
self esteem based on success can be fragile, criticism or feedback can be seen as an attack, wont know how to recover
53
emotions
still very basic, don't understand that multiple emotions can be felt at the same time
54
initiative vs. guilt | Erikson
children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so
55
gender identity
awareness developed in early childhood, that someone is male or female
56
gender similarities hypothesis
more alike than different
57
gender roles
behaviors, abilities, and attitudes that a society associates and deems appropriate for a particular gender
58
gender typing
socialization process where children learn appropriate gender roles
59
gender stereotypes
generalizations about gender attributes not based on gender
60
gender development: biological
most behavioral differences between the sexes can be traced to biological differences
61
gender development: evolution
child develops gender roles in preparation for adult mating and reproductive behavior
62
gender development: psychoanalytic
gender identity occurs when the child identifies with the same-sex parent
63
gender development: cognitive
once a child realizes she is a girl, the child sorts information about behavior by gender and acts accordingly
64
gender development: gender-schema
child organizes information about what is considered appropriate for a boy/girl on the basis of what culture dictates
65
gender development: social learning
child mentally combines observations of gendered behavior and creates own behavioral variations
66
identification
process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex
67
gender constancy
awareness that one will always be male or female
68
functional play
play involving repetitive large muscular movements
69
constructive play
play involving use of objects or materials to make something
70
dramatic play
play involving imaginary people or situations, also called pretend play
71
gender segregation
tendency to select playmates of one's gender
72
corporal punishment
use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct to control behavior
73
inductive techniques
disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness
74
power assertion
disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control
75
withdraw of love
disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child
76
authoritarian parenting
parenting style emphasizing control and obedience
77
permissive parenting
parenting style emphasizing self expression and self regulation
78
authoritative parenting
parenting style blending with an effort to install social values
79
altruism
behavior intended to help others out of inner concern and without expectation of external reward
80
prosocial behavior
any voluntary behavior intended to help others
81
instrumental aggression
aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal
82
direct agression
aggression that is openly directed at target
83
social or indirect aggression
aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another persons relationships, reputations, or psychological well-being

Developmental Psych (3 decks)

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