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Developmental Psych > Early Childhood/preschool > Flashcards

Early Childhood/preschool Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a common issue for children (ears)?

A

Earaches

-eustachian tube

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2
Q

Obesity

A

Body weight more than 20% higher than average weight for a person of a particular age and height

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3
Q

Causes of obesity

A

More time watching tv, computer, less time spent on play and exercise now

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4
Q

Optimal strategy against obesity

A

Have a variety of low-fat and high-nutrition foods available for preschoolers
-high iron important

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5
Q

What is the greatest risk for death or injury in preschoolers?

A

Accidents.

Injury is the leading cause of death
55% of injuries during sport or activity
73% of injuries at home

Boys take more risks, so higher injuries

Don’t have executive functioning yet to be able to understand consequences of actions

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6
Q

Early education options

A

More than 50% of children 1-5 are in some form of care outside the home

  • child care
  • family run child care
  • preschool
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7
Q

Characteristics of high quality care

A
  • well trained
  • appropriate ratio of care providers to children (1:5 max)
  • carefully planned curriculum
  • rich language environment
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8
Q

2 important brain developments

A

1) number of interconnections increase - facilitates the acquisition of cognitive skills
2) the amount of myelin increases- facilitates speed of neural processing

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9
Q

Size of brain compared to adults

A

Brain is 80% of adult

At age 5, brain is 90% of the weight of adult brain, but there body is only 30% of an adult’s body

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10
Q

Brain lateralization

A

Corpus callosum thickens, coordinates two hemispheres

Lateralizations: each hemisphere specializes

  • Left is verbal tasks, processing info sequentially
  • Right is nonverbal tasks
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11
Q

Growth in children in high and low SES homes

A

High SES- growth in typical a manner

Low SES- divergences in growth, slower growth because less resources

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12
Q

Left handedness in relation to brain lateralization

A

10% left handed, most males

Of left-handed, most still demonstrated left hemispheric language lateralization

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13
Q

Gross motor skills

A

Can now engage in activities that require a high degree of coordination (ex. Bike, ski)

Boys-more muscle strength
Girls- better limb coordination

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14
Q

What two things play a role in skill development

A

Practice and brain development

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15
Q

Toilet training- when to start

A

When they are ready! Physically and emotionally

Signs of readiness:

  • staying dry 2+ hours during the day
  • can indicate when they have to go
  • can undress alone
  • waking up dry after naps
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16
Q

Fine motor skills

A

Involve delicate and smaller body movements (ex. Using a spoon)

These skills require practice

Start showing fine motor skills as early as 8 weeks

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17
Q

Perceptual development

A

Detecting boundaries between colours (3-4 years old)

Many are far-sighted, unable to see close up well. By first grade, eyes focus. Far sighted because head shape is still developing

Now nearsightedness is becoming more of a problem since we use phones and computers all the time

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18
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

1) sensorimotor
- birth to 2 years
- use sensory and motor schemes to act on world

2) preoperational
- 2 to 7
- acquire symbolic schemes such as language and fantasy

3) concrete operational
- 7 to 11
- think logically and solve problems

4) Formal operational
- 11 + years
- logically about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

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19
Q

Preoperational stage

A
  • before this they acquire symbolic function
  • use symbols proficiently
  • difficulty thinking logically
  • at 2 or 3 they begin to pretend in their play
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20
Q

6 types of play

A

1) sensorimotor (12 months)
2) constructive play (2 years- stack up blocks, build something)
3) first pretend play (15-21 months) Toy is used for its actual purpose
4) substitute pretend play (2-3 years) pick up broom and pretend it is a horse
5) sociodramatic play- (preschool years) Imaginary friends
6) Rule governed play- (5 or 6 years) assigning roles more logically, boy is father, small friend is baby

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21
Q

Egocentrism

A

Belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way they do

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22
Q

Centration

A

Tendency among young children to think of the world in terms of one variable at a time

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23
Q

Conservation

A

The understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity

  • identity: realize it maintains the same if nothing is added or subtracted
  • compensation: changes in one dimension can be offset by changes in another
  • reversibility: the change can be cancelled out by reversing the steps
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24
Q

Criticisms of piaget’s theory: Egocentrism and perspective taking

A

Children as young as 14.5 months have some ability to understand that other people experience things differently to them

By 2 or 3, can adapt play to the demands of friend

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25
Info processing: understanding of numbers
Average preschooler can count
26
Info processing: autobiographical memory
Becomes increasingly accurate throughout preschool years - memories must be salient to be remembered - memories organized into scripts (representations of events in order that they occurred)
27
Forensic developmental psychology
Field that focuses on the reliability of children's autobiographical memories in a legal context
28
Long term vs short term memory
Long term- relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory Short term - retention of info for up to 15-30 seconds without rehearsal of info - individuals can retain info longer using rehearsal
29
Working memory
- mental workbench where we manipulate and assemble info when making decisions, problem solving and comprehending written and spoken language More active in modifying info than short term memory is
30
Parts of the working memory model
Central executive- control and regulation Phonological loop- verbal info - list of similar words is harder to remember - rehearsal helps memory Visuospatial sketch pad - holds info about what we see - tasks that involve working your way through complex building Episodic buffer -links info across domains
31
Attention
Ability to control and sustain attention related to school readiness Attention to relevant info increases in school years Older children are better at shifting attention from one thing to another as needed
32
Multitasking is linked to
Use of multiple electronic media If task is complex and challenging, multitasking reduces attention to key task
33
Sociocultural theory: 4 stages of cognitive development
1) primitive stage - learns primarily through conditioning until language develops 2) naive psychology phase - learns to use language to communicate, but still doesn't completely understand symbols 3) egocentric speech - uses language as a guide to solving problems 4) Ingrowth stage - internalization of speech routines
34
Evaluations of vygotsky's sociocultural theory
- not enough evidence to support or contradict it | - theory may ignore important contributions of individuals to group interactions
35
Theory of Mind
the ability to understand what others are thinking
36
How is theory of mind assessed?
Using a false belief task (anne has a marble and puts it in a box, then leaves the room. Mary comes and moves the marble to the cupboard. Where will anne look for it?) 3 year olds say she will go to original spot (fail) 4 year olds understand it
37
Language Development
during preschool, children become more sensitive to sounds of words and more capable of producing sounds of language
38
Moving beyond two-word utterances
by the time they move beyond two words, they demonstrate knowledge of morphology rules - use plural and possessive nouns - use appropriate endings on verbs - use of prepositions, articles, "to be"
39
Syntax
They learn and apply rules of syntax, show growing understanding of complex rules
40
Vocabulary development is ____ at this stage
dramatic
41
Fast mapping
Gains in semantics, are able to make connections between a word and its referent after limited exposure to a word
42
Advances in pragmatics
culturally specific rules of conversation and politeness | -sensitive to the need to adapt speech in different settings
43
Advances in what types of speech
private and social speech
44
Jeanie the girl deprived of language
able to make some gains in language in vocab development and semantics but social exposure is necessary for syntax and pragmatics
45
Vygotsky was concerned about what in language?
internalization of speech, learn how to think about speech
46
Piaget was concerned about what in language?
the interiorization
47
Beginning to write
-motor skills develop so they can print letters, as they begin to write, they invent spellings by sounding them out. Rely upon phonological code
48
What type of skills are needed to be a competent writer?
Metacognitive skills | -writing develops as language and cognitive skills develop
49
Psychosocial development
changes in the understanding that an individual has for themselves within the context of their society as well as the meaning they ascribe to the behaviours of others
50
Initiative versus guilt
Erikson- between ages 3 and 6, children experience conflict. Drive to experience and play, but if they are reprimanded from these activities, might engage in guilt If they successfully resolve it, they will gain strong sense of initiative
51
Main characteristics of self-understanding
- confusion of self, mind, and body - concrete descriptions - physical descriptions - active descriptions - unrealistic positive overestimations
52
Do children compare with others at this age?
No, do not yet socially compare with others... only really think about their own abilities and how they are improving
53
The Self
Begin to describe themselves and perceive others in terms of psychological traits Some children are better than others in understanding others' feelings and desires Understanding joint commitments, collaborative interactions
54
At 12-18 months, who do infants look to for signals?
Infants depend on caregivers for signals about acceptable behaviours
55
At 2-3 years, children begin to comply with caregiver's expectations in absence of ______
External monitoring
56
Clear limitations of _____ during early childhood
self-regulation | -given strong stimulus, toddlers ignore safety
57
When does gender identity emerge?
Before 2 years old | -gender identity is your own appraisal of your identity
58
When does sex-typed behaviour increase?
During preschool years -to avoid gender schemas, one suggestion is to encourage children to be androgynous, don't have things geared to one gender
59
Gender and peer relations by age
3 years: children prefer same-sex playmates 4-12 years: preference for playing with same-sex group increases Boys have larger groups than girls
60
What types of activities are boy's groups more likely to engage in than girls?
Boys- more rough, competition, strong displays of ego | Girls- more collaborative activities, working toward same goal
61
Playground is called
Gender school, because interactional styles are quite rigid
62
Parent's influences on Gender:
- Parents often interact differently with different genders - Moms more involved in caregiving and teaching - Fathers spend more time parenting (leisure activities) when they have sons, less likely to divorce with sons
63
Media's influence on gender
Observe other adults in neighbourhood and media As children age, peers reward and punish gender behaviour
64
Biological influences on gender- hormones
Estrogens- female sex characteristics and menstrual cycle Androgens- male sex characteristics. Testosterone is an androgen Both estrogens and androgens occur in males AND females, just at different levels
65
What year did researchers confirm existence of sex chromosomes?
1920
66
Evolutionary perspective on gender
natural selection benefits males who are more aggressive and risk taking. Minimizes competition for mates and maximizes offspring females favoured who devoted efforts to parenting and chose males with resources and protection
67
Social role theory
psychological gender differences result from contrasting roles of women and men Social hierarchy and division of labour are important causes of gender differences
68
Psychoanalytic theory of gender
- Stems from view that preschool children develop attraction to opposite sex parent - Identifies with same-sex parent and unconsciously adopts their characteristics
69
Social cognitive theory of gender
Gender development through observation and imitation | -rewards and punishments shape gender appropriate behaviour
70
At what age do children begin developing friendships
age 3
71
Types of play for preschoolers
Parallel play: playing in same area, can be doing same or diff task, but not interacting in any way Onlooker play: children watch other children Associative play: doing diff tasks in same area, some degree of interaction Cooperative play: working on same task to complete goal
72
What do parallel and onlooker play indicate?
that children sometimes prefer to play alone -associative and cooperative play in older preschoolers mostly
73
What do children in preschool value in friendships?
Shared toys and activities
74
What do primary school children value in friendships?
Shared experiences and how they make you feel, shared fun
75
What do late childhood and adolescents value in friendship?
Friend's traits, trust, communication, intimacy
76
Baumrind's parenting styles
Low responsiveness, low demand = neglect (children low self-esteem, immature) High responsiveness, high demand = authoritative (children self-controlled, achievement, cheery) High demand, low responsiveness = authoritarian (children unhappy, fearful, weak communication) Low demand, high responsiveness = permissive (children non-compliant, disrespectful)
77
Which parenting style is best?
Authoritative
78
What parenting style were matilda's?
neglecting and authoritarian
79
Issues with classifying parenting style
Parents are not always consistent, depends upon context | Cultural differences in parenting
80
Child Abuse
Physical Abuse in 1-2% children in Canada -common in families in stressful environments Physical maltreatment can be overt behaviour or neglect
81
Cycle of violence hypothesis
children who suffer from abuse and neglect are predisposed to engage in the same habits with their children. 1/3 who were abused now abuse their own
82
True or false: kids who are abused get more stomachaches
True, more stomach aches, headaches and bed wetting | -our stomach is very emotionally reactive
83
Effects of maltreatment on the physical brain
can result in reductions in the size of the amygdala and hippocampus -smaller hippocampus, more vulnerable to PTSD
84
What is resilience?
when individuals are able to overcome circumstances that place them at risk for psychological or physical damage
85
Piaget's view on moral development
Heteronormous morality: rules are unchangeable (from 4-7 years)
86
Social learning theory view on moral development
Emphasis upon how the environment leads children to behave in prosocial ways
87
Empathy
Empathy emerges VERY early in development, when baby hears another baby crying, they will start to
88
Hostile aggression
acting in a way to cause intentional harm to another | -aggressive behaviour peaks at 2 years
89
Emotional self-regulation
ability to adjust the quality and intensity of emotions
90
Instrumental aggression
aggression that stems from the desire to reach a concrete goal -males higher in this
91
Relational aggression
nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another individual emotionally -females higher in this
92
Cognitive approach of aggression
aggression depends on interpretation of the behaviour of others may be adaptive for the protection of resources

Developmental Psych (3 decks)

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