Early Childhood/Preschool Years Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Boys age?
96cm tall and weight 14.5kg
110cm tall and weight 18.5kg
A
3 and 5 years old
2
Q
Girls age?
96cm tall and weight 14kg
108cm tall and weight 18kg
A
3 and 5
3
Q
Most boys and girls add more fat or muscle during weight gain during early childhood?
A
Muscle
4
Q
In 2020 world wide what percentage of children were stunted?
A
22%, app 149 million children
5
Q
Full set of ____ primary teeth by the age of 3.
A
20
6
Q
Teeth replacement begins at the age of ____ and teeth are replaced by ____ permanent teeth.
A
6, 32
7
Q
Worldwide percentage of children with tooth decay due to diets high in sugar and starches?
A
70%
8
Q
Children in developing countries have less tooth decay compared to developed countries. True/False
A
False (more decay compared to children in developed countries)
9
Q
Brain size at ages 3 and 5?
A
70% and 90% of adult weight
10
Q
The _______ lobes grows faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during early childhood.
A
frontal
11
Q
During early childhood the neurons continue _______?
A
Decline (due to synaptic pruning)
12
Q
Brain size increase is due to dendritic connections between neurons and myelination. True/False
A
True
13
Q
Four parts of the brain especially notable for myelination during early childhood?
A
- Corpus callosum (connects right and left hemispheres)
- Cerebellum (balance and movements)
- Hippocampus (transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory)
- Reticular formation (controls attention)
14
Q
Child’s increased ability to jump, run, climb and throw ball is due to increased myelination in the _________.
A
cerebellum
15
Q
Child’s increased attention is due to increased myelination in the _______.
A
reticular formation
16
Q
Autobiographical memory (memory for personal events and experiences) is limited prior to the age of 5 due to
A
undeveloped hippocampus which is involved in the transfer from short-term to long-term memory.
17
Q
Transfer from short-term to long-term memory is completed by the age of ____’
A
5
18
Q
Loss of memory up to the age 4 or 5 is known as _____________.
A
infantile amnesia.
19
Q
Trauma in childhood affects autobiographical memory due to reduced level of ________ which is linked to poor connections between brain structures.
A
cortisol
20
Q
Autobiographical memory is present earlier in children from the developed countries (6 months earlier) due to greater attention on ____________.
A
individual experiences
21
Q
Mineral responsible for the growth of teeth and bones, and important for Vit D apsorbtion, that is most commonly deficient in children?
A
Calcium
22
Q
Hidden hunger
A
Deficiencies in vitamins and nutrients essential for development
23
Q
Two most common nutritional deficiencies:
A
protein and iron
24
Q
Iron deficiency that affects fatigue, irritability, attention, cognitive and social development, is known as
A
anaemia
25
Usual causes of death in developing countries:
pneumonia, malaria and measles
26
During early childhood _______.
a - most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions
b - girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys
c - the amount of tooth decay is similar between developed and developing countries
d - physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years
a - most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions (due to fat loss)
27
One of the children is unable to sit still while the other sits through the entire story time at the library. This is due to more fully development of ________.
a - corpus callosum
b - hippocampus
c - cerebellum
d - reticular formation
d - reticular formation
28
Limited autobiographic memory prior to age 5 is due to incomplete myelination of the _________.
a - hippocampus
b - corpus callosum
c - reticular formation
d - Broca's area
a - hippocampus
29
Walter is a 5 yr boy from New Zealand. Based on research, his nutritional problem is most likely to be:
a - calcium deficiency
b - marasmus
c - kwashiorkor
d - protein deficiency
a - calcium deficiency
30
Accidental injury among young children is higher in developed countries. True/False
True (fairly common in developed countries)
31
By age 6 children can draw shapes, first letter and words, even own name. True/False
True
32
A preference for left or right hand use _________.
handedness.
33
90% of foetuses and children have preference for the ________ thumb/hand preference?
right
34
One quarter of left-handers process language in _____ hemispheres rather than primarily left hemisphere as right handers.
both
35
Gender differences in gross motor development appear from the age ______.
3-6
36
By the age of ___, children usually have developed motor skills enough to draw recognisable objects.
5
37
Left-handed child is likely to learn to be right-handed in Asian or African cultures than in Australia? True/False
True
38
Left handed children are likely to be born prematurely. True or False
True
39
At what age children can hop, jump, climb, throw and run?
3-6
40
Representational thinking occurs in _______ childhood.
early
41
According to Piaget, 2-7 is the _______ stage.
preoperational
42
Principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.
Conservation
43
Focusing on one noticeable aspect while excluding other important aspects'
Centration
44
Ability to reverse action mentally (such as see that the amount of water poured between two glasses is the same)
Reversibility
45
Inability to distinguish between own and another person's perspective.
Egocentrism (three mountains task)
46
Tendency to attribute human thoughts and feeling to inanimate objects and forces.
Animism (eg. thunder is angry or moon is following them)
47
Ability to understand that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one 'class' or group
Classification (yellow and blue flowers test)
48
A young boy doesn't realise that a group of red blocks can also belong to a larger group of multi-coloured blocks.
Classification
49
When the sky rains, a young girl assumes it is because the sky is sad.
Animism
50
A child can only focus on the height of a glass of cordial, rather than realising that the width comes into the amount too.
Centration
51
A child doesn't realise that a group of blocks that are spread out are the same amount of blocks if they are close together.
Conservation
52
Ability to understand thinking processes in one's self and others and understand different perspectives and beliefs
Theory of mind
53
5 years old Marco draws a picture of a train with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of________.
a - reversibility
b - animism
c - sensorimotor thought
d - centration
b - animism
54
Theory of mind is measured by________.
false-belief tasks
55
Theory of mind begins around age 5. True or False
False ( it can happen earlier)
56
3 years old vocabulary contains around _______ words.
6 years old vocabulary contains around _______ words.
1.000
2.500
57
English language fast maps nouns earlier than verbs, while in eastern languages verbs earlier than nouns. True/False
True
58
90% correct use of gramma is by age ____.
4
59
Sensitive period for language is in ______.
early childhood
60
Jean Berco (1958) asked children to respond to series of questions involving ________ words, to which children could still apply gramma.
nonsense
61
Children who learn English have been shown to fast map ______ first.
a - adjectives
b - nouns
c - verbs
d - possessives
b - nouns
62
Four year old Nicco uses infant-direct speech when talking to neighbour's new baby. This demonstrates:
a - fast mapping
b - overregularisation
c - existence of the language acquisition device
d - pragmatics
d - pragmatics (Nicco is adjusting the language according to appropriate social rules)
63
Grammar develops by hearing and using the language in daily interactions and no special training is required. True or False
True
64
Pragmatics guide us in knowing what to say and what not to say in a given social situation. By the age of ____ children are able to adjust their speech accordingly.
4
65
Ability to control own emotions (one of the major developmental tasks of early childhood)
emotional self-regulation
66
_______ cortex promotes emotional self-regulation
Frontal
67
Strategies used by children to deal with emotionally challenging situations (e.g. leaving, talking to themselves, directing attention to something else)
effortful control
68
Process by which children acquire the behaviours and beliefs of the culture they live in
Socialisation
69
Trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation that leads to externalising problems (eg aggression, conflict with others)
Undercontrol
70
Trait of having excessive emotional self-regulation that lead to internalising problems (anxiety, depression)
Overcontrol
71
Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.
females, males
72
A child yells and screams when they receive wrong chips flavour.
Undercontrol
73
A child doesn't show when they are happy or sad, or shows it to the expectation of those around them.
Overcontrol
74
Children grasp moral standards, such as right and wrong, around the age of ____.
5
75
Morality is learnt through custom complexes, religion, older generations and stories. True/False
True
76
Expressing the same behaviour as observed the behaviour of others.
Modelling
77
Moral reasoning such as justice and fairness occurs around the age of ___
3-4.
78
Moral reasoning such as justice and fairness occurs around the age of ___
3-4.
79
Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.
females, males
80
Difference between lying and truth, age 4.
Moral judgment based on fear of punishment.
True
81
Gender identity (male or female) is attained by the age of ____.
2
82
Understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change, attained at age 6-7.
Gender constancy
83
A child who has not reaches gender constancy may assume that if a boy puts on a dress they become a girl. True/False
True
84
Fathers promote conformity to gender roles more than mothers. True/False
True
85
Gender-based cognitive structures for organising and processing information, comprising expectations for males and females appearance and behaviour
Gender schema (eg pink for girls, blue for boys.....)
86
Process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behaviour
Self-socialisation (eg. boys doing boys things, girls doing girls things)
87
Temper tantrums and crying decrees from age 2-6, due to emotional regulation. True/False
True
88
The way we organise and process information in terms of gender based categories is
a - gender stereotyping
b - gender schemas
c - self-socialisation
d - gender constancy
b - gender schemas
89
Chris realised that even though his teacher dressed up like Michal Jackson for Halloween, she is still a female. Chris would be:
a - 7 years old
b - 4 years old
c - has not yet attained gender identity, but knows the gender identity of the teacher
d - uses gender schemas but does not yet understand gender constancy
a - 7 years old
90
Percentage of children 3-5 enrolled in preschool in developed countries _____ and in Australia______.
87%, 89%
91
Preschool teaching should be based on:
a - repetition and rote learning to ensure the mastery of core concepts
b - unstructured, hands on experiences
c - whole language learning
d - building skills for science, technology, maths
b - unstructured, hands on experiences
92
Degree to which parents set down rules and expectations required to comply with ______________, and the degree to which parents respond to child's needs with love, warmth and concern__________.
demandingness, responsivness
93
4 parenting styles
1. Authoritative - high demandingness and high responsiveness
2. Authoritarian - high demandingness and low responsiveness
3. Permissive - low demandingness and high responsiveness
4. Disengaged - low in both demandingness and responsiveness.
94
Principle that in relations between two people each of them affects the other
reciprocal or bidirectional effects
95
In Asian cultures children are expected to respect, obey and revere their parents throughout life
filial piety
96
Time out has been found to be beneficial for young children. True/False
True
97
Parenting strategy that uses shame and withdrawal of love, named by American researchers
psychological control
98
Physical punishment of children
corporal punishment
99
Child maltreatment includes:
- physical abuse
- emotional abuse
- sexual abuse
- neglect
100
Mead's social stages
0-2 Lap child - needs constant care, doted by others
3-4 Knee child - still cared for mainly by mothers, but spends more time with other children too
5-6 Yard child - more time spent with same sex peers, sometimes unsupervised
101
Use of aggressive behaviour or words to get something
instrumental aggression
102
Child that exhibit signs of anger and intend to inflict pain or harm on others
Hostile aggression
103
Damaging another person's reputation through social exclusion and malicious gossip.
Relational or social agression
104
Physical aggression peaks in early childhood. True/false
True (24-42 months)
105
Children in early childhood engage in cooperative play more than toddlers. True/False
True
106
Theory of mind begins to develop in infancy and proceeds fluent speech. True/False
True
107
107
Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.
females, males
108
Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.
females, males
