Early Cities & urban Reform Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is Urbanization?
The shift of populations from rural to urban centers
1871 - 20% of people lived in cities, 2001 80% of people lived in cities
Push and pull factors
Push: farmers couldn’t make a living off of crops, due to unpredictable weather
pull: employment, education, investment, trade routes
What is urban metabolism?
a metaphor of a city being a living body
a city must be fed, fuelled and have it s waste removed
Meat consumption
Expanded with the railway and refrigeration
people had specific jobs along the conveyer belt at the meat producing factories
it grew in Toronto ( Hog town) and Calgary
Animals in the city
people had animals in houses for production not pets
horses were a main source of transportation before cars
Food!
women went to markets in cities and cooked and shoped
people also grew their own food in gardens
Energy Transformation
there was a general shift away from wood to coal as the primary source of energy to cook food
came with an economic boom
pollution
there was no clean source of coal - burned dirty and emits sulphur dioxide
contributed to city smog and smelled like rotten eggs
cities shift to electricity
electricity was introduced to homes, businesses
turned to fossil fuels as pipe lines were installed
public transportation was developed in urban areas, got rid of horses, people could live farther away from where they worked
How were Cities urban heat islands?
absorb and retain more heat than a natural landscape, more concrete
it was a class privilege to escape the city j
AC was not invented, people got heat stroke from kitchens, offices and factories
Waste removal
most people dumped waste into nearby bodies of water or on the street
it was an eye sore, and a health problem, people were not aware of germ theory
19th century disease theories
- contageonists - thought the disease spread by direct contact
- anti- contageonists - thought that the disease was ‘in the air’ miasmas - found in decaying matter
- urban reformers called to clean up the city, water sewers, streets
Water Contamination
Created social and economic conflicts
St. John’s study
there were no sewers, people were taxed for clean water
a wooden sewer system was developed, turned into a fire hydrant system
sewer access was a class privilege
1854 Cholera outbreak
killed 5% of st. Johns
Grierson dump
side of the river valley - city dumped waste into river valley
City Beautiful movement
world fair chicago 1893-1930 - taking pride in your city
making parks, gardens, grounds
