Early Cold War Flashcards
(34 cards)
1
Q
George Kennan
A
- US diplomat in the USSR after the war
- Wrote the “Long Telegram”(1946) and the essay “The Sources of Soviet Conduct”
- First to sound alarm of Soviet being problem for the US
- Prevailing Opinion @ time: Soviets good
- In essay, proposed “containment” of communism strategy
2
Q
Truman Doctrine:
A
- Strategy:
- Give military aid and increase military in Europe
1. Economic aid and rebuilding Europe
2. Supported “containment” (Greece and Turkey) - Included the 1947 National Security Act and the
- Marshall Plan
- Soviet Response: Cominform
3
Q
Marshall Plan:
A
- 13 billion to Europe
- provided markets for American goods, created reliable trading partners, and supported the development of stable democratic governments in Western Europe
- Successes: industrial production, development, self-sustaining economic growth
- Failures: caused inflation
4
Q
National Security Act:
A
- Spread US military bases internationally
- Created National Security Council and CIA
- Unified armed forces and created separate departments
- Defence Department(War + Navy)= Oversee nation’s military and direct line of command for military
5
Q
Berlin Blockade:
A
- Blockade by the Soviets of Eastern Berlin from land transport of resources
- Worried about Western Berliners emigrating there
- Led to Berlin Airlift→ Berlin Wall after Soviets opened up land transportation
6
Q
Czech Coup 1948:
A
- Elections allowed by USSR→ Communists winning 38% → Communist control of the essential organs of Czechoslovakia government
- After 2 years, became unpopular b/c represented the worst parts of the USSR→ Stalin calling for delay in elections → Comm. coup by “popular demand”
7
Q
NSC-68:
A
- Secret report by NSC
- Cold War= Good vs Evil
- Wanted military buildup rather than demobilization
- Agro USA
8
Q
Korean War
A
- 1950 - 1953
- Initially Jap Colony until war end → divided in North(USSR) and South(US)
- Kim il Sung invaded w/ Stalin support
- South supported by UN(90% US)
- Back and forth → landing back @ 38th parallel
- McArthur fired for too agro(wanted to nuke China)→ decreased Truman popularity
- Korea was a Japanese colony as it was divided into north (soviet backed) and south (U.S. backed). Kim il Sung had the advantage and met with Stalin and the invasion world well. The South was supported by the UN (90% U.S. troops).
9
Q
Containment
A
- Containment was a geopolitical foreign policy by the United States during the Cold War to prevent the spread of communism
- Stop USSR and communism from spreading to prevent Domino Theory
10
Q
Domino Theory
A
- US officials belief that if one state fell[to comm], the others near would be at risk→world falling to comm
- Risk to US national security and foreign policy
11
Q
The “New Look”
A
- Eisenhower’s answer to reduce US budget while not being soft on communism
- Focus on airforce and nukes(22k nukes)
- More CIA covert operations
- leads to USSR to do the same
12
Q
MAD
A
- Mutually Assured Destruction
- Created when Soviets nuclearized
- Relied on both parties being rational
- Requires the U.S. to be as equally or more armed than the soviet union
13
Q
Nikita Khrushchev:
A
- Soviet Premier after Stalin
- Allowed for Stalin criticism + interested in some autonomy for satellite states + created the soviet version of “new look” policies
- Had increased focus on the 3W and taking advantage of decolonization
14
Q
The Dulles Brothers:
A
High Power lawyers in Eisenhower administration
On the Council on Foreign Relations
Believed in “liberation” not containment[more aggressive]
Sec of State (John Foster) and CIA director(Allen)
Buisness interests destroyed Guatemala
14
Q
The Dulles Brothers:
A
High Power lawyers in Eisenhower administration
On the Council on Foreign Relations
Believed in “liberation” not containment[more aggressive]
Sec of State (John Foster) and CIA director(Allen)
Buisness interests destroyed Guatemala
15
Q
Mohammad Mossadeq
A
- 1951-1953
- 35th PM of Iran
- Goals= 0 intl in Iranian politics and economy, nationalize oil(AIOC)
- Angered UK because 25% of profits from AIOC→ no US or UK help for Iran
- Turned to USSR and Iran’s pro-comm party
16
Q
Mohammad Mossadeq
A
- 1951-1953
- 35th PM of Iran
- Goals= 0 intl in Iranian politics and economy, nationalize oil(AIOC)
- Angered UK because 25% of profits from AIOC→ no US or UK help for Iran
- Turned to USSR and Iran’s pro-comm party
17
Q
Operation AJAX
A
- March 1953
- US replaced Mossadeq with pro-West Shah(Zahedi)
- Looked like pop uprising
- US got 40% share of Iranian oil for secret police and arms
18
Q
Operation PBSUCCESS
A
- U.S trained 480 men in Honduras
- June 1954: the troops moved in
- unmarked bombers atk Guatemalan bases and cities
- Arbenz replaced with Carlos Catillo Armas
- worked with the CIA to neutralize thousands of Guatemalans on a kill list
19
Q
Jacobo Arbenz
A
Elected president of Guatemala who issued Decree 900 Decree 900: proposed the redistribution of United Fruit Company land to 500,000 people and offered monetary compensation to UFC
20
Q
Bay of Pigs
A
- Apr 1961
- JFK approved
- U.S. sent 1,400 Cuban exiles to invade Castro’s Cuba (foreigners owned 70% of land, U.S. mafia, 1950 civil war. Castro turned to the soviets after U.S. said no to help)
- The Cuban army overwhelmed the invaders and launch a counter offensive
- CIA shifted to Operation Mongoose to kill castro
- U.S now had a official major communist threat lead to the Cuban missile crisis
21
Q
GI Bill
A
- The G.I. Bill was a law that provided a range of benefits for some of the returning World War II veterans.
- This included money, cheap housing loans, and college opportunities.
- Pushed people out of existing jobs
- Discriminative to black veterans and those who were dishonorably discharged (such as those labeled as gay) did not receive benefits
22
Q
Suburbanization
A
- Pop shift from urban to suburbs
- In the 1950s, many white families moved to the suburbs, possibly as a result of the baby boom and the spring in low cost housing being built. Most wanted to their own home, escape the influx of black people moving to the cities.
23
Q
Redlining
A
- discrim practice by realtors and loan officers
- held back black people form certain areas
24
HUAC & McCarthyism
* HUAC: Investigated Communism across America(esp Hollywood)→imprisioning people and ruining lives
* McCartyism:(1940s-1950s) Second red scare; repression of left and fear of communists
* headed by Joseph McCarthy who launched a massive public campaign against communism and soviet spies and sympathizers he claimed were inside the government. He was later discredited.
25
The Cold War Imperative
* Truman mobilized the DOJ and State Department to investigate racial problems in the U.S. He made the government focused on Civil rights. He addressed the NAACP. Pushed a fair deal (civil rights, national healthcare, education)
* In 1948, he desegregated the military and called for fair employment
* Created the PCCR
* *Desegregation was the goal to look better overseas*
26
Isaac Woodard
* Decorated black military sergeant who was blinded by policy brutality after a bus driver made up a fake story about his actions on a bus
* An all white jury acquitted the chief of police
* Created an worldwide scandal, and led to Truman action
27
PCCR
* President's Committee on Civil Rights
* Investigated CR in US and how to improve and protect it
* Called for 3 reasons:
1. Moral
2. Eco
3. International
* Killed by Southern Dems
* wrote To Secure These Rights
28
“An Appeal to the World”
* Oct 1947
* NAACP to UN to address human rights violations by the U.S. on african american people written by W.E.B Dubois
* Larger international scandal
29
Brown v. Board
* Landmark SCOTUS decision which said "seperate but equal"= unconstitutional
* A combination of multiple cases into 1. State department and DOJ prepared amicus eruiee briefs which stressed the cold war importance
* With all deliberate speed caused problems
30
Montgomery Bus Boycott
* Following Rosa Parks arrest, local black women and civil rights groups were given a cause to boycott the system.
* MLK was chosen as leader.
* A yearlong boycott drove the bus companies to near bankruptcy and downtown merchants declining sales.
* SCOTUS declared the bus segregation laws unconstitutional.
31
Little Rock Nine
* A group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.
* Led to the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas
* Faubus defied the order.
* Eisenhower sent the national guard but the state prevailed as Faubus closed all public high schools for a year
32
“The Unwelcome Mat”
* Af diplomats turned away from housing, restaurants, educational opportunities
* Created an even bigger international scandal and led some diplomats to become greatly distrustful of working with the U.S.
* The Kennedy administration and U.S. government tried to take action to improve foreign relations in order to gain alliances. These efforts failed to make a major impact
33
“Massive Resistance”
* 1956
* strat delcared by US Senator Harry F. Byrd Sr. of Virginia
* Prevent integration:
1. Pupil Placement Board
2. Tuition Grants
3. Close integrating public schools
