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Gastrointestinal System > Early Development of the GIT & Anatomy of Esophagus > Flashcards

Early Development of the GIT & Anatomy of Esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different stages of the primitive gut during the longitudinal folding?

A

Pre-somite embryo
Embryo with 7 somites
Embryo with 14 somites

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2
Q

What are the two different folding formations of the primitive gut?

A

Longitudinal and transverse

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3
Q

Which protein is related to stomach and esophagus formation?

A

CSOX2

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4
Q

Which protein is related to pancreas development?

A

PDX1

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5
Q

Which protein is related to liver development?

A

HOX

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6
Q

Which protein is related to vitalline duct development?

A

CDXC

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7
Q

What is the primitive gut lined with?

A

Endoderm

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8
Q

What is the endoderm that lines the primitive gut supported by?

A

Intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

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9
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

Tissue lining of digestive tract (epithelium)
The parenchyma or secretory cells of the glands that open into the digestive system

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10
Q

The parenchyma or secretory cells of which organs’ glands are made by the endoderm?

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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11
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

The smooth muscle
Connective tissue
Blood vessels

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12
Q

What does the foregut give rise to?

A

Respiratory tree
Esophagus
Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Duodenum

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13
Q

Which parts of the duodenum arise from the foregut?

A

The first part and the first half of the second part, as far as the entrance of the common bile duct

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14
Q

Which parts of the respiratory tree give rise to what?

A

Anterior part –> trachea and lungs
Posterior part –> oesophagus

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15
Q

Which major blood vessels supply the foregut?

A

Aortic arches
Dorsal aorta
Celiac trunk

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16
Q

At what point does the celiac trunk supply the foregut?

A

T12

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17
Q

What is the neural innovation of the foregut?

A

Parasympathetic –> vagus nerve
Sympathetic –> Greater thoracic splanchnic nerve (T5 to T9)

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18
Q

Which part of the mediastinum will the oesophagus run across?

A

Through the superior and into the inferior mediastinum

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19
Q

Which major blood vessel is the midgut supplied by?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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20
Q

Which major blood vessel is the hindgut supplied by?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

What causes the gradual separation between the foregut and the respiratory diverticulum?

A

Tracheoesophageal septum

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22
Q

What structures arise once the tracheoesophageal septum is formed?

A

Pharynx
Trachea
Lung buds
Esophagus

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23
Q

The respiratory system is what compared to the primitive foregut?

A

Respiratory system is an outgrowth of the primitive foregut

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24
Q

Where does the respiratory diverticulum arise from?

A

The cranial part of the primitive foregut

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25
What is caused by oesophageal Artesia or tracheoesophageaal fistula?
Polyhydramnios --> Proximal blind-end of oesophagus --> OR Communication between oesophagus and trachea
26
What is the result of elongation of the oesophagus?
The stomach will be pushed towards the abdominal cavity, from the cervical region
27
What is congenital hiatal hernia?
Failure of the oesophagus to elongate, pulling the stomach through the oesophageal opening
28
What is a common sign of congenital hiatal hernia?
Heartburn sensation
29
At what level does the oesophagus enter the diaphragm?
T10, left of the median plate
30
What is the process of occlusion and recanalization of the foregut?
The epithelium of the tube (endoderm) will proliferate rapidly and fill the lumen Appearance of vacuoles with degeneration of epithelial cells occur
31
What can failure of recanalization lead to?
Artesia or stenosis
32
What is oesophageal stenosis?
Narrowing of the esophagus due to incomplete or partial re-canalization of lumen
33
What can oesophageal stenosis lead to?
Poor vacuole formation (level of section E1) Narrow lumen (level of section E3)
34
What is oesophageal artesia?
Failure of the lumen to recanalize
35
What can oesophageal artesia lead to?
No vacuole formation (level of section F1) Transverse septum (level of section F3)
36
What is the stomach attached to the dorsal abdominal wall by?
Dorsal mesogastrium
37
What is the stomach attached to the ventral abdominal wall by?
Ventral mesogastrium
38
What is the mesogastrium?
Double layer peritonium
39
When does the growth and the rotation of the stomach occur?
Week 5 to 6
40
Why does the rotation of the stomach occur?
The dorsal wall grows more rapidly that the ventral --> greater curvature will be on the left
41
What is the process of the growth and rotation of the stomach?
The stomach rotates 90o clockwise around its longitudinal axis
42
In which axis direction does the stomach rotate?
Anteroposterior axis
43
After the rotation of the stomach where will the right vagal nerve be?
Towards the back
44
What is the function of the oesophagus?
Food transportation, no digestion
45
Where does the esophagus begin?
At C6, a continuation of the pharynx Follows the curve of the vertebral column
46
Where does the oesophagus run across?
Runs in the posterior mediastinum, across the superior and into the inferior sections
47
Where does the oesophagus also pass through?
The superior thoracic aperture
48
Where does the change in the mucosa from oesophageal to gastric occur?
Esophagogastric junction at T11
49
Where is the inferior oesophageal sphincter located?
Above the esophagogastric junction
50
What is the function of the inferior oesophageal sphincter?
Physiological prevents reflux, requires a stimulus from autonomic system
51
What are the different parts of the oesophagus?
Cervical Thoracic Abdominal
52
Which oesophageal part is the longest?
Thoracic part
53
What are the three natural constrictions of the oesophagus?
1. Junction between pharynx and oesophagus 2. By left principal bronchus and aortic arch 3. At oesophageal hiatus
54
Where are the natural constrictions located?
Junction between pharynx and oesophagus --> C6 Left principal bronchus and aortic arch --> T4/T5 Eosphageal hiatus --> T10
55
What is the arterial supply for the upper 1/3 of the oesophagus?
Inferior thyroid artery comes from the thyrocervical trunk
56
What is the arterial supply of the middle 1/3 of the oesophagus?
Descending thoracic artery
57
What is the arterial supply of the lower 1/3 of the oesophagus?
Left gastric artery comes from the celiac trunk
58
What is the venous drainage of the upper 1/3 of the oesophagus?
Inferior thyroid veins --> systemic venous system, will eventually drain into brachiocephalic
59
What is the venous drainage for the middle 1/3 of the oesophagus?
Azygous and hemizygous veins
60
What is the venous drainage for the lower 1/3 of the oesophagus?
Left gastric vein --> will end up in the portal vein circulation system!! Drains the lower end of the oesophagus and the fundus of the stomach
61
What happens in case of oesophageal hypertension?
Blood does not smoothly return to the liver so alternative options are activated One of: anastomosis --> can lead to dilation and congestion Results in: Oesophageal varices
62
What will be the result/ sign of oesophageal varices endoscopic view?
Bleeding caused by the rupture of veins
63
What is the lymph drainage for the upper 1/3 of the oesophagus?
Deep cervical nodes
64
What is the lymph drainage of the middle 1/3 of the esophagus?
Superior and posterior mediastinal nodes.
65
What is the lymph drainage of the lower 1/3 of the esophagus?
Left gastric blood vessels and celiac nodes
66
Why is lymph drainage and its location important?
In case of cancers, when doing biopsy you will have to check the other organs that drain into the same region in case of metastasis or spread
67
What is the innervation of the oesophagus?
Parasympathetic --> Right and left vagal nerves (X) Sympathetic --> Fibres of the inferior cervical and thoracic ganglia
68
What is the purpose of villi in the small intestine?
To increase the mucosal surface
69
What are the layers of the mucosa?
Epithelium Lamina propia Muscularis mucosa
70
What is the function of the epithelium layer?
Protection and absorption
71
What is the function of the lamina propria?
Support
72
What is the function of the muscularis mucosa?
Mucosal motility
73
What is the function of glands?
Secretion
74
What are the components of the submucosa?
Glands Submucosal (Meissner) plexus
75
What are the components of the muscularis layer?
Inner - circular Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus Outer - longitudinal
76
What is the function of the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis?
Motility
77
What is the function of serosa?
Support
78
What is the serosa?
A covering in the peritoneum
79
What is the 'serosa' of the esophagus?
Adventia
80
What is the histology of the epithelium layer of the mucosa?
Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
81
What is the histology of the lamina propria layer of the mucosa?
Loose CT, vessels and glands
82
What is the histology of the muscularis mucosa layer of the mucosa?
Contains smooth muscles
83
What is the histology of the oesophageal glands of the submucosa?
Mucus-secreting glands, protect mucosa
84
What is the histology of the oesophageal cardiac glands of the submucosa?
Additional mucus-secreting glands in the lamina propria, protect against stomach acid
85
What is the histology of the muscularis layer of the oesophagus?
Striated (skeletal muscles) in the upper two-thirds and innervated by vagus Smooth in the lower third and innervated by splanchnic plexus
86
What is specific about the skeletal muscles in the upper two thirds of the oesophagus?
Even though skeletal muscles are usually voluntary, these are involuntary.
87
What is the histology of the stomach?
Simple columnar epithelium

Gastrointestinal System (29 decks)

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