Early developmental stages

Question 1

Fertilization is…

Answer 1

The joining of sperm and ovum

Question 2

Fertilization usually occurs in the ____ of the Fallopian tube

Answer 2

Ampulla

Question 3

How does the sperm penetrate the corona radiate and zone pelluicida?

Answer 3

By the use of acrosomal enzymes

Question 4

Once the sperm contacts the located plasma membrane … The sperm establishes the ___ and injects its nucleus

Answer 4

Acrosomal apparatus

Question 5

When the first sperm penetrates, it causes the release of what?

Answer 5

Calcium ions

Question 6

The release of calcium ions, when the sperm penetrates, prevents what?

Answer 6

Prevents additional sperm from fertilizing the egg and increases the metabolic rate of the resulting zygote - this is called cortical reaction

Question 7

A secondary locate is ovulated from the follicle on approximately what day of the cycle ?

Answer 7

Day 14

Question 8

after fertilization, the zygote travels to the..

Answer 8

uterus for implantation

Question 9

cleavage

Answer 9

when the zygote undergoes rapid mitotic cell divisions

Question 10

one of the zygotes defining characteristics is:

Answer 10

unicellularity

Question 11

by the zygote dividing into smaller cells, the cells increase two ratios:

Answer 11

nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

surface area - to - volume ratio

Question 12

two types of cleavage:

Answer 12

indeterminate cleavage

determinate cleavage

Question 13

indeterminate cleavage

Answer 13

results in cells that can still develop into complete organisms

Question 14

determinate cleavage

Answer 14

results in cells with fates that are already determined

these cells are committed to differentiating into a certain type of cell

Question 15

morula

Answer 15

the embryo becoming a solid mass of cells

Question 16

once the moral is formed, it undergoes _______

Answer 16

blastulation

Question 17

blastulation forms the ______

Answer 17

blastula

Question 18

blastula

Answer 18

a hollow ball of cells with fluid filled inner cavity known as blastocoel

Question 19

blastocyst

Answer 19

the mammalian blastula that consists of two noteworthy cell groups - the trophoblast and inner cell mass

Question 20

trophoblast cells

Answer 20

surround the blastocoel and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta

specialized to create an interface between the maternal blood supply and the developing embryo

Question 21

inner cell mass

Answer 21

protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to the organism itself

Question 22

trophoblast cells give rise to the ______

Answer 22

chorion

Question 23

chorion

Answer 23

and extra embryonic membrane that develops in the placenta

Question 24

chorionic villi

Answer 24

formed by trophoblasts

they are microscopic fingerlike projections that penetrate the endometrium

develop in the placenta

support maternal - fetal gas exchange

Question 25

embryo is connected to the placenta by the ...

Answer 25

unbilical cord

Question 26

unbilical cord consist of

Answer 26

2 arteries and 1 vein encased in a gelatinous substance

Question 27

unbilical arteries carry

Answer 27

deoxygenated blood and waste to the placenta for exchange

Question 28

until the placenta is functional, the embryo is supported by the

Answer 28

yolk sac

Question 29

early blood cell development :

Answer 29

yolk sac

Question 30

2 extra embryonic membranes :

Answer 30

allantois | amnion

Question 31

allantois

Answer 31

involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac surrounded by the amnion

Question 32

amnion

Answer 32

thin, though membrane filled with amniotic fluid that serves as a shock absorber during pregnancy

Question 33

Gastrulation

Answer 33

developmental process that begins once the cell mass implants

Question 34

During Gastrulation, the _________ is formed with a ________ at the end

Answer 34

archentreron ; blastopore

Question 35

As the archenteron grows through the blastocoel, it contacts the opposite side, establishing..

Answer 35

the 3 primary germ layers

Question 36

the 3 primary germ layers

Answer 36

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

Question 37

ectoderm

Answer 37

becomes epidermis, hair, nails and the epithelia of the nose, mouth, and anal canal as well as the nervous system (including the adrenal medulla) and the lends of the eye

Question 38

mesoderm

Answer 38

becomes much of the muscoskeletal, circulatory, and excretatory systems gives rise to the gonads and the muscular and connective tissue layers of the digestive and respiratory systems as well as the adrenal cortex

Question 39

endoderm

Answer 39

becomes much of the epithelial linings of the respiratory and digestive tracts and parts of the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts

Question 40

neurulation

Answer 40

development of the nervous system, begins after the formation of the 3 germ layers

Question 41

notochord

Answer 41

introduced a group of overlying ectoderm cells to form neural folds surrounding a neural groos

Question 42

the neural folds fuse to form the

Answer 42

neural tube; which becomes the CNS

Question 43

Neural crest cells

Answer 43

found on the tip of the neural fold becomes the PNS as well as specific cell types in other tissues

Question 44

Teratogens

Answer 44

substances that interfere with development, causing defects of even death of the developing embryo. Include alcohol, certain prescription drugs, viruses, bacteria, and environmental chemicals