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early elizabethan era Flashcards

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1
Q

who was john hawkins

A
  • englands first slave trader
  • treasurer for the navy in 1577
  • francis drake cousin
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2
Q

who was francis drake

A
  • john hawkins cousin
  • lead voyages to the west indies
  • attacks on spanish ships and colonies
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3
Q

who was william cecil

A
  • elizabeths chief adviser
  • authorised mary qos execution
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4
Q

who was walter raleigh

A
  • sailed to america in 1578
  • imprisoned in the tower of london for secretly marrying one of elizabeths ladies in waiting
  • originally a favourite of elizabeth
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5
Q

who was robert dudley

A
  • master of the horse (only man allowed to touch elizabeth)
  • quarelled with william cecil
  • a favourite of elizabeth
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6
Q

who was francis walsingham

A
  • elizabeths spy master
  • exposed plots against elizabeth
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7
Q

what significance was the pope

A
  • 1570 pius v excommunicated elizbeth
  • encouraged catholics to plot against her
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8
Q

who was the duke of norfolk

A
  • elizabeths second cousin
  • suggested that he marry mary qos
  • imprisoned by elizabeth in 1569
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9
Q

who was the earl of northumberland

A
  • plotted with mary qos and rebelled against elizabeth in 1569
  • executed in 1572
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10
Q

who was the earl of westmorland

A
  • rebelled against elizabeth in 1569
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11
Q

who was mary qos

A
  • elizabeths cousin
  • executed in 1587
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12
Q

who was philip ii

A
  • king of spain
  • married to mary qos
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13
Q

who was roberto ridolfi

A
  • italian banker who plotted against elizabeth
  • carried messages between mary qos, philip ii, the pope and the duke of alva
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14
Q

who was francis throckmorton

A
  • carried letters between mary qos and the french and spanish ambassadors
  • arrested on walsinghams orders
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15
Q

who was anthony babington

A
  • page to earl of shrewsbury
  • carried messages for mary and plotted against elizabeth
  • walsingham intercepted letters
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16
Q

what was elizabeths problem with religion

A
  • she had to decide whether to remain catholic or return to protestantism
  • this would influence the actions and opinions of her subjects
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17
Q

what was elizabeths problem with law enforcement and order

A
  • elizabeth had to enforce the law fairly and attempt to reduce poverty/hardships
  • if certain events went badly the poverty/unemployment/high prices would increase
  • her popularity may decrease
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18
Q

what was elizabeth problem with choosing advisors

A
  • she had to choose members of her privy council
  • decide whether to just choose people who supported her
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19
Q

what was elizabeths problem with marriage and an heir

A
  • it was feared that if elizabeth didnt marry there would be a civil war for the english throne
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20
Q

what was elizabeths problem with war and foreign relations

A
  • france and spain were catholic and very powerful
  • france was allies with scotland
  • england could be easily invaded
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21
Q

what was elizabeths problem with gender

A
  • a woman was considered too weak to lead a country
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22
Q

what was elizabeths problem with legitimacy

A
  • her right to the throne was questioned by catholics
  • they thought her parents marriage was illegal - so cannot be queen
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23
Q

what was elizabeths problem with finance

A
  • 1558 - she was £300,000 in debt
  • war with france strained finances
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24
Q

categorise elizabeths problems into numbers from 1 to 4. 1 being nothing she can do to change and 4 being a current/direct threat

A

1 - problems she can do nothing about - legitimacy and gender
2 - can be an issue sometime in the future - choosing advisors
3 - not dealing with immediately/important to everyone - finance, law enforcement and order, marriage and heir
4 - current/direct threat - religion, war and foreign relations

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25
list factors that affect whether elizabeths problems were the greates
- reduces popularity - throne is threatened - speed a solution is required - law and order in england is threatened
26
what was elizabeths options and decisions when choosing advisors
options - status or stability (should marys advisors remain) decisions - william cecil - secretary of state - 20 councillors (10 catholics who worked with mary i) - made her closest friend a councillor after 4 years to avoid jealousy
27
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of finance
options - ask parliament fro taxation - but gives parliament too much power decisions - severly cut government spending - crown lands were sold off bringing £600,000 to the exchequer
28
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of war and foreign relations
options - make peace with france (they were onyl fighting because of mary i who was supporting spain) - continue war and win to become popular decisions - made peace with france january 1559 - treaty of cateau cambresis - lost calais
29
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of religion
options - catholic, puritan or compromise decisions - at first doesnt make any changes - compromise - the religious settlement
30
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of gender
options - can get married and give power to him decisions - never married and ruled alone
31
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of legitimacy
options - go on with coronation and hope she could win over the people decisions - celebrated her coronation and hoped country would like her
32
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of marriage and an heir
options - married philip ii, prince eric of sweden or other european royalties - archduke charles, francis duke of alenfon, robert dudley were potential husbands decisions - she didnt marry
33
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problems of peace and prosperity
options - fix poverty problem to avoid rebellion of the poor decisions - she didnt really affect the issue, luck was on her side
34
why was religion so important to people
- all important rituals of life/daily routines were linked to church - church was the centre of community and supported people during their hardships - church gave them hope and leading a good life would ensure they reach heaven
35
give some information about the catholic church eg clergy, services etc
control of the church - pope, cardinals, archbishops, bishops decoration - richly decorated, stained glass windows clergy - no marriage - richly decorated robes called vestments services - bible in latin - communion turned unto the blood and body of jesus
36
give some of the information about protestant church eg clergy, services etc
control of the church - monarch is the head of the church, archbishops, bishops decoration - spending a lot of money on decorations was looked down upon - catholic decorations removed clergy - marriage allowed - surplice was worn services - bible/services in english - communion symbolises the body and blood of jesus
37
give some information about the puritan church eg clergy, services etc
control of the church - no head or bishops - committees elected by churchgoers decoration - plain clergy - marriage allowed - plain black gowns services - bible/services in english - communion remained bread and wine, jesus was spiritually not physically present
38
what was elizabeths decisions in the religious settlement
head of the church - title of supreme governor for the monarch - bishops ran the church and swear oath accepting her title decoration - ornaments/decorations, singing hymns services - english bible and services - protestant prayer book - communion clergy - clergy wear a surplice, allowed to marry - preachers need to be licenced and preach at least once a month
39
how did elizabeth win support of the religious settlement
- saviour of protestantism - attendance at church mandatory (fine was large for the poor but little for the rich) - added her accession day to the church calendar festivals - catholics attend church on sunday then attend their own latin mass at home
40
list positives in elizabeth and mary qos relationship
- 1567 - elizabeth comforts her after death of lord darnley - 1561 - as mary returns to scotland elizabeth is friendly as she lacks power
41
list negatives in elizabeth and mary qos relationship
- 1560 - mary wore the english coat of arms laying claim to the english the throne - 1565 - mary married lord darnley who had claim to the english throne - 1566 - the birth of marys son strengthened her claim to the english throne - 1567 - elizabeth criticised mary for marrying the suspect in her husbands murder - 1568 - arrival of mary in england placed elizabeth in an impossible situation
42
why was marys threat to elizabeth
- catholic - has a son - married to someone in line to the throne
43
when did the northern earls revolt
november 1569
44
why did the northern earls revolt
religion - reestablish catholicism politics/power - elizabeth weakened the earls power in the north - government in the north was carried out by council instead of nobility succession - wanted mary to be recognised as elizabeths successor - planned to marry mary off to duke of norfolk (very powerful) finance - elizabeth took land from the nobles causing them to lose money
45
how significant was the northern earls revolt
- significant but not successful - elizabeths first revolt - lack of leadership - earls werent brave and fled to scotland - no set plan - overthrow elizabeth and replace her/free mary qos and name her elizabeths heir - not enough support - catholic nobility didnt join - no foreign catholic support - french, spanish and pope didnt support it
46
when did the ridolfi plot take place
1571
47
who were key people in the ridolfi plot
- robert ridolfi - pope - philip ii of spain - duke of alva/duke of norfolk - mary qos
48
what were the events of the ridolfi plot
- spring 1571 - ridolfi persuades duke of alva to invade england, alva tells philip to invade after elizabeth is overthrown - elizabeths government unravels the plot - duke of norfolks servants betray him under interrogation, arrested in september - the plot never reached the public because of francis walsingham
49
what were the consequences of the ridolfi plot
- june 1572 - duke of norfolk is beheaded - elizabeth expels the spanish ambassador - whoever claimed mary should be queen is a traitor - 1572 - st bartholomews day massacre - protestants killed by catholics in paris
50
what was the plan of the ridolfi plot
- overthrow elizabeth, make mary queen and restore catholicism
51
when was the throcknorton plot
1583
52
who was involved in the throckmorton plot
- mary qos - spanish ambassador/french ambassador - francis throckmorton - henry percy and lord henry howard - duke of guise - philip ii
53
what was the plan of the throckmorton plot
- free mary qos, restore catholicism and a catholic monarch
54
list the events of the throckmorton plot
- throckmorton put under surveillance and arrested, house searched and evidence found - funded by philip ii and mary qos was involved - elizabeths government stopped the plot before it reached the public
55
what were the consequences of the throckmorton plot
- spanish ambassador expelled - throckmorton executed in july 1584 - henry percy commits suicide and lord henry howard was released - 1584 bond of association - when elizabeth is threatened, mary qos is killed
56
when did the babington plot take place
1586
57
who did the babington plot involve
- mary qos - nathony babington - babingtons friends
58
what was the plan of the babington plot
- murder elizabeth, make mary qos queen and restore catholicism
59
list the events of the babington plot
- july 1586 - babington writes to mary - messages hidden in beer barrels - elizabeths government put spies to watch over mary and other plotters - mary qos consented to the death of elizabeth - letters were intercepted and sent to francis walsingham
60
what were the consequences of the babington plot
- babington and other conspirators were executed in september 1958 - mary qos moved to fotheringhay castle - end of october mary found guilty
61
list the plots in order of seriousness
- babington - northern earls - ridolfi and throckmorton
62
why did the all the plots fail
- network of spies stopped the plots before they reached the public - didnt have public support - no foreign support - interrogation and torture - acts of parliament - increasing penalties against catholics - informers in england - reported threats to walsingham - searches and registers - authorised to search foreigners houses
63
when was mary qos executed
- february 1587 - 400 people watched it - elizabeth was angry about the execution, her secretary who sent the death warrant was imprisoned - cecil is banished to his house
64
why was mary executed
- involved in the plots - had claim to the throne - crime of treason was the trigger - catholic threat - elizabeth set an example of her strength
65
what were the causes of war with spain
trade/commercial rivalry - englands main trade was exporting woollen cloth to antwerp, spain took over trade - piracy - spain made lots of money from colonising central america, england wanted riches religious rivalry - catholicism political rivalry - spain was a very wealthy country - philip preferred to have mary qos on the throne
66
what caused the spanish armada to lose
- weather - leadership - plan - tactics - resources
67
positive aspects in the golden age of the elizabethan era
- increased popularity of elizabeth - improvement of education - improvement in housing - printing press - increase in agriculture and trade - entertainment - naval power
68
negative aspects of the golden age of the elizabethan era
- unemployment - bad harvests - witchcraft - illness/disease - religious turmoil - astrology

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