Early life history of fishes

Question 1

What are the four developmental stages?

Answer 1

Embryo, larva, juvenile, adult

Question 2

If a fish undergoes little to no change in body size after reaching adulthood, it is said to have ______ _____

Answer 2

Determinate growth

Question 3

The continual increase in length and volume that occurs in most fishes throughout their lives

Answer 3

Indeterminate growth

Question 4

Larvae often have spines that confound ___-____ predators

Answer 4

Gape-limited

Question 5

Indeterminate growth leads to size-structured populations in which different size individuals essentially function as different species, the so-called _________ ____.

Answer 5

Ontogenetic niche

Question 6

When some part of the fish grows at a rate different from the rest of the fish during development.

Answer 6

Allometric growth

Question 7

The idea that development occurs with periods of gradual change punctuated by significant events or thresholds that allow for rapid change

Answer 7

Saltatory development

Question 8

The development of spermatozoa (sperm)

Answer 8

Spermatogenesis

Question 9

In internal fertilizers, sperm is released in packets called ______.

Answer 9

Spermatophores

Question 10

The development of eggs

Answer 10

Oogenesis

Question 11

Proteinaceous yolk granules are deposited around primary oocytes during ________, which is the process of precursors of yolk material being manufactured in the liver.

Answer 11

Vitellogenesis

Question 12

The number of eggs released by a female during a spawning bout or breeding cycle

Answer 12

Fecundity

Question 13

The number of viable offspring produced

Answer 13

Fertility

Question 14

Fecundity generally _________ with increasing egg size and with increasing parental care, but _________ with body size in an individual

Answer 14

Decreases, increases

Question 15

The outer vitelline membrane of the egg

Answer 15

Chorion

Question 16

___ __________ may serve as nutrition for embryos, as flotation mechanisms, and, when pigmented with melanin, may help protect sensitive developing structures from harmful radiation

Answer 16

Oil globules

Question 17

(In an egg) The space between the chorion and the yolk

Answer 17

Perivitelline space

Question 18

____________ ______ includes food intake and its transfer to the gonads, as well as energy expenditure in somatic versos gonadal growth

Answer 18

Reproductive effort

Question 19

Spawners that spawn only once in a breeding season or lifetime

Answer 19

Total spawners

Question 20

A funnel-shaped hole in the egg membrane that a sperm enters through

Answer 20

Micropyle

Question 21

Entry of more than one sperm

Answer 21

Polyspermy

Question 22

________ is when a species stores sperm and uses it to fertilize multiple batches of eggs, of which may be developing simultaneously

Answer 22

Superfetation

Question 23

_________ is when a female uses sperm from males of other species to activate cell division, but no male genetic material is actually incorporated into the zygote

Answer 23

Gynogenetic

Question 24

Internal fertilization requires that males possess a ________ _____ for injecting sperm

Answer 24

Intromittent organ

Question 25

A process after fertilization in which the chorion of the egg stiffens, which serves to protect the developing embryo

Answer 25

Water hardening

Question 26

The mother releases eggs that then rely on yolk for nutrition

Answer 26

Oviparous

Question 27

The young develop inside the mother and the mother provides nutrition via a placental connection, secretions, or additional eggs and embryos eaten by the developing young

Answer 27

Viviparous

Question 28

A nonspecific term used for advanced larvae or early juveniles

Answer 28

Fry

Question 29

Development that involves a larval phase with distinct metamorphosis into the juvenile stage

Answer 29

Indirect development

Question 30

Development that involves a very brief or not definable larval stage (the fish hatches into a miniature but immature adult)

Answer 30

Direct development

Question 31

Only about 25% of larvae react to approaching predators, usually by a startle response involving ________ ____, which are a pair of large, early-developing interneurons that connect the hindbrain with motor neurons in the spinal column and cause the body to flex suddenly.

Answer 31

Mauthner cells

Question 32

Directional movement against the general net flow of water out of an estuary may involve _________ _____ stream transport, during which small fish ride favorable currents and avoid unfavorable ones, usually by moving up into the water column on flood tides and down to the bottom during ebb tides.

Answer 32

Selective tidal (stream transport)