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Microbiology > Early years of microbiology > Flashcards

Early years of microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

A

(17-18th century)
-developed simple microscope, examined water to see tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single celled protozoa
-was a single lens microscope he made it because he was a tailor and glass maker
-called them “animalcules/ beasties” but eventually called microorganisms which were grouped into Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae and small multicellular animals

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2
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

(1707-1778)
-developed a system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together (taxonomic system) into plants or animals

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3
Q

Bacteria and Archaea

A

-all are unicellular, lack a true nucleus and they’re usually much smaller than eukaryotes
-are found everywhere there is sufficient moisture, even in extreme environments
-reproduce asexually only
-In bacteria their cell walls contain peptidoglycan but a few lack cell walls
-most bacteria do not cause diseases, but are beneficial
-archaea usually have cell walls but are composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan
-no archaea known to cause disease

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4
Q

Fungi

A

-are eukaryotic organisms
-they obtain food from other organisms which means they are classified as heterotrophs
-always have cell walls
-mold, yeast, mushrooms, morels, toadstools are a type of fungi

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5
Q

Mold

A

-multicellular, have hyphae (filamentous growth) reproduce by sexual and asexual spores
-would rather produce sexually because opportunity, conditions and provide diversity

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6
Q

Yeast

A

-unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding some produce sexual spores via conjugation

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7
Q

Protozoa

A

-single celled eukaryotes usually heterotrophic
-similar to animal cells in nutritional needs and structure
-live in water but some live inside animal host as parasites
-most reproduce asexually, some sexually (paramecium)
-most are capable of motility/locomotion by cilia, flagellum, pseudopodia
-exceptions are apicomplexans which lack motility

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8
Q

Algae

A

-unicellular or multicellular
-all are photosynthetic (classified as autotrophs)
-they have relatively simple reproductive structures and some can reproduce sexually or asexually
-categorized/classified on their pigmentation, storage products, cell wall composition

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9
Q

Photosynthesis

A

-organism use light, water, and carbon to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar

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10
Q

Parasitic worms

A

-range in size from microscopic to adult (10 m)
-scientists diagnosis infections by looking at the eggs underneath a microscope

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11
Q

Viruses

A

-hid from Leeuwenhoek b/c of size not visible unless using an electron microscope
-they are acellular (not composed of cells) they have genetic info (DNA/RNA) surrounded by protein coat

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12
Q

Bacteriophage

A

-meaning to eat bacteria
-it destroys bacteria and uses it as nutrients to make more copies of itself

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13
Q

Abiogenesis

A

-spontaneous generation

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14
Q

Aristotle

A

(384-322 B.C)
-proposed abiogenesis to explain why life force was apparent
-during the golden age (1850-1900)
-we could not see the elements but knew all we needed is water

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15
Q

Francesco Redi

A

(1626-1697)
-was against abiogenesis and wanted to prove that
-had a series of experiments showing decaying meat
sealed: no flies or maggots appeared
exposed: maggots appear and flies
covered: flies could not get in but maggots appeared on the cheese cloth
** proved animals do not spontaneously generate

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16
Q

John Needham

A

(1713-1781)
*believed in abiogenesis
-boiled beef broth and plant infusions for a short period of time, saw vial was still cloudy with a host of microbes
** he explained he killed everything so there must be a life force

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17
Q

Golden age generated four questions

A
  1. How does fermentation occur
  2. How to prevent disease and infection
    3.is spontaneous generation of life possible
    4.what causes diseases
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18
Q

Lazzaro Spalllanzani

A

(1729-1799)
- disproved abiogenesis
-he boiled infusions for an hour and melted the neck of the bottle to seal it shut
-liquid stayed clear so he concluded
1. needham did not boil his infusions long enough or did not seal if properly
2. microorganisms in the air can containment your experiment
3. spontaneous generation does not occur, need living things
**critics said his sealed vials did not allow enough air, and heating prolonged destroyed life force

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19
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

(1822-1895)
-against abiogenesis
-he boiled infusions long enough to kill everything but he used an s-shaped neck bottle to allow air in but not the dust and microbes
-he concluded no microbes grew after 18 months, he even had nutrient rich broth
-he let the contents in the flask touch the dust sitting in the neck of the bottle, then microbes grew
**microbes were progeny found on the dust in the air

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20
Q

Scientific method

A

debate led to this method
1) observe a phenomenon
2) generate a hypothesis
3) Design and conduct and experiment to test hypothesis
4) based on observation, accept, reject, modify

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21
Q

Fermentation

A

-was being used for alcohol but had formation of lactic acid, decomposition of waste, and putrefaction of meat
-some said air caused fermentation or others insisted living organisms, while other believed chemical reactions
*this debate was linked to spontaneous generation

22
Q

Pasteur and Fermentation

A

-observed yeast cells growing (budding) in grape juice and concluded they arise from other yeast cells
-sealed the flask with juice and yeast left some open, and saw yeast grew in both conditions (facultative anaerobic)
1. tested conditions of spontaneous generation by boiling grape juice and leaving it sealed (Nothing grew)
2. Tested if air ferments grape juice, so he boiled the juice and used an s shaped bottle (nothing grew)
3.Introduce bacteria into the grape juice and acid was produced
4. Introduced yeast into the grape juice and alcohol was produced

23
Q

Pasteurization

A

-you can heat up grape juice just enough to kill bacteria without modifying qualities, then you add yeast to make alcohol
** Pasteur began the field of biotechnology (industrial microbiology)

24
Q

Buchner’s Experiment

A

-expanded on the idea of fermentation not needing living things
-his experiment showed the presence of enzymes (cell produced proteins to promote chemical reactions)
1) sugar cane juice + heat –> (added yeast filtrate enzyme + sealed) = fermentation occurs sugar to alcohol
2) sugar cane juice + heat –> (no enzyme + sealed) = no fermentation occur
** he began the field of biochemistry and study of metabolism

25
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

formulated by Pasteur, microorganisms are responsible for diseases (infections)

26
Q

Robert Koch

A

-studied the causes of disease called etiology
-studied the causative agent of Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), examined colonies of microorganisms, saw they were rod shaped and in chains (saw endospores) caused anthrax when injected in mice
*first time bacterium known to cause disease
-he looked into other diseases but had trouble seeing or identifying the differences between bacteria
-discovered the disease that caused tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
-developed simple staining techniques, techniques for estimating CFU, aseptic technique

27
Q

Fanny Hesse

A

-introduced Koch to agar plate to culture bacteria
-Koch originally was culturing bacteria on potatoes or gelatin but it was being eaten up

28
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. The susceptive causative agent must be found in every cause of the disease and must be absent from healthy host
  2. The suspected causative agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture outside of diseased host
  3. when suspected causative agent is introduced into a healthy agent must caused them to get the same disease
  4. The same susceptive causative agent must be reisolated from the newly diseased experimental host and grown in pure culture
29
Q

Gram Stain

A

-Hans Christian Gram developed a more useful and important stain
-is a differential stain which leaves some microbes either pink or purple
-we use this procedure to divide cells into groups of being either gram positive or gram negative
-gram positive = purple
-gram negative = pink

30
Q

Semmelweis

A

-known for instilling handwashing practices
-concluded medical students carried cadaver particles and made them wash their hands with chlorinated lime water
-rates of deaths went down (women were dying from puerperal fever)
-struggle to gain support

31
Q

Lister

A

-modified and advanced the idea of antiseptic in healthcare
-he sprayed wounds, incisions, and dressings with carbolic acid
-showed it reduced patient death by 2/3rd
-his method was accepted but he claimed Semmelweis was founder

32
Q

Nightingale

A

-she founded modern nursing, with developments of methods and standards of patient care
-introduced disinfectant techniques into her practice
-founded nightingale school of nurses

33
Q

Snow

A

-played a role in setting good public hygiene to prevent spread of diseases, mapped propagation of cholera to contaminated water
-his study was the foundation for microbiology and epidemiology

34
Q

Jenner

A

-expanded on lady Montagu version of inoculation of small pox in children by using a milder version of cowpox and infecting a child, who then got smallpox. Saw he was immune and did other experiments called it vaccination
-milkmaids did not get smallpox because already got cowpox
-he began the field of immunology

35
Q

Ehrlich

A

-he discovered a chemical active agent against the causative agent of syphilis (arsenic based drug)
-he began the branch of medical microbiology called chemotherapy “magic bullets”

36
Q

Alexander Flemming

A

-discovered penicillin
-first true antibiotic (1929)

37
Q

Gerhard Domagk

A

(1935)
-he discovered sulfa drugs (group of synthetic antibiotics containing sulfanilamide molecular structure)

38
Q

Biochemistry

A

-the basic chemical reactions of life
-designs of herbicides, pesticides, diagnosis of illness, monitoring patient response to treatment, drug design

39
Q

Microbial genetics

A

how do genes work ?
Oswald, Macleod, and McCarthy determined genes are contained in molecules of DNA

Tatum and Beadle establish a gene’s activity is related to the function of the protein coded by the gene

Lederberg determined the exact way genetic info is translated into a protein, rates and mechanisms of genetic mutation, and how cells and viruses control genetic expression

40
Q

Molecular Biology

A

-study cells at a molecular level
-concern with genome sequencing in hopes to understand the full genome of organisms will result in ways to limit, disease, repair genetic defect and increase agriculture yield

41
Q

Recombinant DNA Technology

A

-combining DNA, also called genetic engineering
-scientists manipulate genes in microbes, plants, animals for practical applications
ex: blood clotting factor, insulin

42
Q

Gene Therapy

A

-inserting or repairing genes
-new area of recombinant DNA where you insert a missing gene or repair one

43
Q

Linus Pauling

A

-proposed that DNA and RNA sequencing could and would
1. provide understanding of evolutionary relationships and process, help establish taxonomic categories
2.identify existence of microbes that have never been cultured (cat scratch fever) or use PCR to detect Covid

44
Q

Carl Woese

A

-proposed cells belong to domains of bacteria, archaea, or eukaryote

45
Q

Bioremediation

A

-the use of living bacteria, algae, fungi to detoxify environments

46
Q

Microorganisms and their environment

A

-microbial communities play a role in decay of old organisms by recycling their chemicals (nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon)

47
Q

Beijerinck

A

-discovered bacteria can convert nitrogen in the air to nitrate

48
Q

Winogradsky

A

-explained the role of microorganisms in recycling sulfur
** these two together develo0ped lab techniques for environmental micro

49
Q

serology

A

study of blood serum (liquid portion helps fight diseases)
ex: antibodies

50
Q

immunology

A

study of the body’s defense against specific pathogens, antigens
ex: spike proteins, antibodies as in plasma treatment

Microbiology (13 decks)

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