Earth and Life Science Flashcards
Lecture 1 : The Universe and Solar SystemLecture 2 : Lecture 3 : Minerals and RocksLecture 4 : Exogenic Process Lecture 5 : Endogenic Processes Lecture 6 : Concept and Origin in the Study of Life (282 cards)
1
Q
It is defined as all existing matter and spce considered as a whole.
A
Universe
2
Q
The observable universe is belived to be at least 93 billion light years in diameter and constantly expanding since the big bag 13.8 billion years ago.
(True or False)
A
True
3
Q
It describes the universe as originating in an infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point or singularity between to 13 to 14 billion years ago.
A
Big Bang Model of the Universe
(1929)
4
Q
The universe expanded from the size of an atom to 1035 meters in width
The Big Bang Timeline
A
A. Inflationary Epoch
5
Q
The universe continues to expand. it became distinct: gravity, strong nuclear fce and elctromagnetic force. By the first seconds, the universe is made up of fundamental particles and energy : quarks, electrons, photons, and neutrinos.
The Big Bang Timeline
A
B. Formation of the Universe
6
Q
Protons, and neutrons combine to form hydrogen nucleic. Then hydrogen began to combine pairs to form helium nuclei. This process is called nucleosynthesis.
The Big Bang Timeline
A
C. Formation of Basic Elements (3 seconds)
7
Q
Most of energy in the universe was in the form of raditation. These include different wavelengths of light, X-rays, radio waves and UV ways. They formed what is called the cosmic wave background radiation.
The Big Bang Timeline
A
D. Radiation era
8
Q
Matter began to dominate and the end of radiation era at this stage, lithium atom began to formed. Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make scales neutral atoms.
The Big Bang Timeline
A
E. Matter domination
9
Q
The slightly irregular areas of gas cloud, gravitatonal attract nearby matter and became denser. The dense gas clouds collapsed and eventually gain enough mass to ignite producing light. The huges gas cloud can be the birthplace of dozens of stars, The group of stars became the galaxies.
A
F. Birth of the Stars and Galaxies
10
Q
How do scientist’s predict a phenomena or event?
A
They used Models. It is a scientist’s description of an event at that time, demonstrating how science knowledge is tentative.
11
Q
Who made the geocentric model?
A
Claudius Ptolemy
12
Q
Who made the heliocentric model?
A
Nicholas Copernicus
13
Q
It is the quantitiy of rotation of a body, which is the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity.
A
Angular momentum
14
Q
In Claudius Ptolemy’s geocentric model, it states that the ____ is at the center of the Solar System.
A
Earth
15
Q
In Ncholas Copernicus’s geliocentric model, it states that the ____ is at the center of the Solar System.
A
Sun
16
Q
In the 18th century, the understanding of how the Solar System orginaited became more than just descriptive models: it became ____?
A
Scientific
17
Q
This theory by Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace, presumes that the Solar System began as a cloud of dispersed interstellar gas called nebula.
A
Nebular Hypothesis/Kant-Laplace Nebular Hypothesis
18
Q
What are the Terrestrial Planets?
A
- **Mercury
- Venus
- Earth
- Mars**
19
Q
It is also known as the Gaseous Planets. They were the planets outside the asteroid belt. These planets were composed mainly of gasses and has mettalic core.
A
Jovian Planets
20
Q
What are the Jovian Planets?
A
- **Jupiter
- Saturn
- Uranus
- Neptune**
21
Q
It is the smallest planet in the Solar System and it is closest to the Sun.
A
Mercury
22
Q
It is the largest and densest of the terrestrial planets.
A
Earth
23
Q
It is the hottest planet because of the dense atmosphere.
A
Venus
24
Q
It has about one-thrid the gravity of Earth. It is known as the red planet due to its reddish appearance.
A
Mars
25
What are the two small moons of mars?
**Phobos and Deimos**
26
It is the biggest planet which is about two and a half imes more massive than all the other planets in the Solar System.
**Jupiter**
27
It is known for its extensive ring system made up of small ice and rock particles. It is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water.
**Saturn**
28
This planet has the Great Red Spot
**Jupiter**
29
It is the lightest of the outer planets.
**Uranus**
30
Jupiter has 67 known satellites. The four largest were the...?
**Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa**
31
Uranus has 27 known satellites where in the largest includes,...?
**Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, and Miranda**
32
It is the most distant planet in the solar system. And is also slightly smaller than Uranus but it is more massive and denser.
**Neptune**
33
It has 14 known satellites wherein the largest is...?
Triton
34
The theories that were accepted by most of the people were the ....?
**Big Bang Theory and Creationism**
35
The dense area of the nebula and the gaseous matter surrounding it ceased to rotate uniformly. Under the influence of turbulence and tidal action, the nebula broek intro whirlpools of gas within a rotating mass called ......?
**Protoplanet**
36
There are differnt theories about the origin of the universe that was belived on their own timeline.
| True or False
**True**
37
What are the 3 Criteria of the IAU for a full-sized planet?
* ** It is in orbit around the Sun
* It has sufficient mass to assume hydrostratic equilibrium (a nearly round shape)
* it has "cleared the neighborhood" around its orbit.
38
Big Bang Model was the theory by ...? *(Full Name)*
**Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaitre**
39
it is an infinitely dense point or also called..?
**Singularity**
40
By the first seconds after the big bang, the universe is made up of fundamental particles and energy: what is it?
**Quarks**
41
The second largest natural satellite in the solar system is __________ located in the planet Saturn
**Titan**
42
It describes how planets move as they orbit the sun
**Revolution**
43
Big bang theory is not an explosion but rather an _______ that created space
**Expansion**
44
Who propose the Geocentric Model?
**Claudius Ptolemy*
45
Mars
| Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
**Terrestrial Planet**
46
Titania
| Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Natural Satellite
47
Earth
| Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Terrestrial Planet
48
Saturn
| Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Jovian Planet
49
Pluto
| Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Dwarf Planet
50
Neptune
| Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Jovian Planet
51
Jupiter
| Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Jovian Planet
52
Rhea
| Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Natural Satellite
53
Io
| Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Natural Satellite
54
Phobos
| Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Natural Satellite
55
It is characterized by its blue waters, rocky Brown and green land masses with white grounds set against the black background.
**Earth**
56
What are the compositional Layers of Earth?
**— Crust
— Mantle
—Core**
57
It is made up of erratic, complex and interactive systems that make it constantly changing planet.
**Earth**
58
What are the Mechanical Layers of Earth?
**1. Lithosphere
2. Asthenosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Inner/Outer Core**
59
It is made up of large rocks divided into two forms; *oceanic and continental crust*
**Crust**
60
Crust's depth is ...?
**50-70 km in depth**
61
It is outermost layer of the earth
**Crust**
62
It is mostly solid rocks and minerals and marked by malleable semi-solid magma.
**Mantle**
63
Crust is divided into two forms, which are:
**Oceanic and Continental Crust**
64
It represents about 85% of the total weight and mass of the planet.
**Mantle**
65
It is entirely made up of metal.
**Core**
66
Core is divided into two cores:
**Inner and Outer Core**
67
Other elements found in the Earth's core are *siderophiles*. These are the elements that dissolv in iron and are classified as "?"
**Precious Metals**
68
It is the largest and second to the last layer of our planet.
69
The final layer of the Earth is _____ which is an exceedingly hot, dense huge of mostly iron 2500km wide.
**Inner Core**
70
This wave passes through the core and are detected on the far side of the Earth. Indirect signals received in this wave's shadow zone suggest there is a solid inner core deflecting some waves.
**Primary Waves/P waves**
71
What are the Earth's four subsystems?
**1. Lithosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3. Atmosphere
4. Biosphere**
72
This wave do not travel through liquid. We know that the outer core is liquid because of the shadow it casts on this wave.
**Secondary Wave/ S waves**
73
It is the outermost layer of a terrestrial planet that consisting of the crust and the solid outermost layer of the Earth.
**Lithosphere**
74
It is not merely the air we breathe but also a blanket of gas that surrounds our planet up to the edge of space.
**Atmosphere**
75
It is the part of the Earth where life exist.
**Biosphere**
76
It is composed of all the waters on near the Earth surface. This includes like the oceans, rivers and lakes.
**Hydrosphere**
77
The lithosphere is not a continuous layer. It is divided into a number of huge olates that move in relation to one another. *(True or False)*
**True**
78
It is believe that at the beginning of the Earth, the continents are all locked up into a huge landmass called ___________ as proposed by Alfred Wegener.
**Pangaea**
79
Pangaea was divided into two continents. These two are called:
**Laurasia and Gondwana**
80
What is the superocean?
**Panthalassa Ocean**
81
What are the seven continents in the world? *(Largest to Smallest)*
**— Asia
— Africa
— North America
— South America
— Antarctica
— Europe
— Australia**
82
The Earth's hydrosphere can be in a form of liquid, vapor and ice such as glaciers, ice caps and ice bergs. This frozen part is called ???
**Cryosphere**
83
Mostly ninety seven (97%) percent of the Earth's water is in the form of oceans (salty) and the rest is freshwater (non-salty). Three-quarters of this fresh water is solid and exists in the ice sheets. *(true or false)*
**True**
84
What are the Earth's major oceans?
** 1. Pacific Ocean
2. Arctic Ocean
3. Indian Ocean
4. Atlantic Ocean
5. Southern Ocean**
85
Oceans may be divided into layers known as zones. The zones may be ____________ or ___________.
**Horizontal and Vertical zone**
86
Horizontal consists of ________ and __________ zone.
**Coastal and Pelagic Zone**
87
It begin at sea level and end at the deepest point in the ocean.
**Vertical Zone**
88
It is the region in which sea bottom is exposed during low tide and is covered during high tide.
**Coastal zone**
89
It is located sea ward of the coastal zone's low tide mark. This is always covered with water.
**Pelagic Zone**
90
There are two divisions in Pelagic zone:
**Neritic zone and Oceanic zone**
91
It lies above the continental shelf.
**Neritic zone**
92
It begins at sea level and end at the deepest point in the ocean.
**Vertical Zone**
92
What are the five zones under vertical zone?
**1. Epipelagic zone or the sunlight zone
2. Mesopelagic or the twilight zone
3. Bathypelagic zone or the midnight zone
4. Abyssopelagic or the abyss
5. Hadalpelagic zone or the trenches
93
It is the zone that gets a lot of sunlight resulting to an abundance of aquatic plants.
**Epipelagic zone or the Sunlight zone**
94
It is characterized by dim light due to the limited amount of sunlight it receives.
**Mesopelagic zone or the twilight zone**
95
This zone does not receive any sunlight. Animals that live here lack eyes.
**Bathypelagic zone or the Midnight Zone**
96
It is described as deep sea. Most animals living in this area are invertebrate like blind sheimps, small squids, and hagfish.
**Abyssopelagic zone or the abyss**
97
# *
It is the deepest part of the ocean. This zone is mostly found in deep water trenches and canyons.
**Hadalpelagic zone or the trenches**
98
It is the thin layer of gas envelops our planet is necessary to sustain life because contains gases essentiak humans and animals to breath.
**Atmosphere**
99
What are the 5 layers of Atmosphere?
**1. Troposhere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere**
99
it is the lowest layer that contains 80% of the total mass of the atmosphere.
**Troposhere**
100
This layer in atmosphere extends up to 50km high. It is the region where we can find the ozone layer which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation.
**Stratosphere**
101
This region is where meteors usually burns up as they approach our planet.
**Mesosphere**
102
It is where aurora and satellites occur. It is also the hottest region
**Thermosphere**
103
It is the upper limit of our atmosphere.
**Exosphere**
103
It contains all the Earth's living things.
**Biosphere**
104
The biosphere is divided into _______. They are the world's major communities. They are classified according to the predominant vegetation characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular climate.
**Biomes**
105
It includes freshwater (ponds, lakes, rivers, etc). It houses numerous species if plants and animals.
**Aquatic**
106
It is sometimes referred to as the "zone of life"
**Biosphere**
107
It includes tropical, temperate, and taiga. Each type of forest has distinctive features dominated by grasses large shrubs and trees.
**Forests**
108
109
It includes tropical, temperate, and taiga. Each type of forest has distinctive features dominated by grasses large shrubs and trees.
**Forests**
110
Tropical Rainforests are known for dense canopies of vegetation that form 4 different layers, and these are:
**Emergent Layer
Canopy Layer
Middle Layer (Understory)
Bottom Layer (Forest Floor)**
110
These are found closer to the equator where it is warm. It is hot, moist biome where it all rains all year long.
Tropical Rainforests**
111
Snakes, red-eyed tree frogs, and other animals live in this part, of lower branches.
**Understory**
112
Birds, bats, and butterflies live in the tops of the tallest trees which is called the what layer?
**Emergent Layer**
113
In the tops of the shorter trees, you can find animals such as toucans and monkeys.
**Canopy**
114
115
Animals such as jaguars can be found on the dark ______ ________?
**Forest Floor**
116
It is a biome that is always changing. It has four distinct seasons: winter, spring, summer and fall.
**Temperate Deciduous Forest**
117
This forest is also known as boreal forest.
**Taiga Forest**
118
It is characterized by low rainfall.
**Desert**
119
It is the coldest of all the biomes, it has low biotic diversity and simple vegetarian structure.
**Tundra**
120
It is not a continuous layer. It is divided into a number of huge plates that move in relation to one another.
**The Lithosphere**
121
It is characterized by its blue waters,rocky brown and green land masses with white grounds set against the black background.
**Earth**
122
**It is an aggregrate of one or more minerals**
**Rock**
123
**Rocks can be minerals but not all minerals are rocks**
**True**
124
**What are the three optical properties of Minerals?**
**1. Luster
2. Color
3. Streak**
125
**What are the two properties of minerals regarding mineral strength**
**1. Tenacity
2. Hardness**
126
**It is the quality of light that being reflected by the surface of a mineral**
**Luster**
127
**It looks like a shiny metal such as chrome, steel, silver, or gold**
**Metallic Luster**
128
**These minerals may be shiny and reflect light, however, they do not look like a metal.**
**Non-metallic Luster**
129
**It is when the light that strikes the object does not pass through the mineral**
**opaque**
130
**When light strikes a ________ mineral, some of the light passes through it.**
**translucent**
131
Color is one of the properties of a mineral and considered as a reliable property when identifying minerals (true or false)
**false**
132
What type of rocks are formed by cooling of molten materials above the Earth’s surface?
Volcanic Rocks
133
Which of the following is not a physical property of a mineral?
a. Luster
b. Tenacity
c. Specific Gravity
d. Flammability
D. Flammability
134
Which of the following is not a criterion of minerals?
a. Minerals should be organic
b. Minerals should be naturally occuring
c. Minerals should be solid
d. Minerals should have orderly structure
a. Minerals should be organic
135
Which of the following statement is correct?
a. Metamorphic rocks solidify to form igneous rocks.
b. Magma that crystallizes and solidifies at the surface of the earth(lava) is called volcanic rock or extrusive igneous rock
c. Uplifting is the process of forming magma from metamorphic rocks.
d. Compacting and sedimentation changes igneous to metamorphic rocks.
b. Magma that crystallizes and solidifies at the surface of the earth(lava) is called volcanic rock or extrusive igneous rock.
136
Which of the following conditions rock melts and forms into magma?
a. The addition of fluids, such as water, may increase the melting point of some minerals in the rock and cause the rock to melt.
b. If the temperature of the rock rises above the melting point of the minerals the rock composed, of the rock will melt.
c. If enough pressure is added in the rock, the melting point will decrease and the rock will melt.
d. If the rock experienced too much stress, deformation of the rocks occurs and when deformation happens, magma will form.
b. If the temperature of the rock rises above the melting point of the minerals the rock composed, of the rock will melt.
137
Based on the Mohs scale, which of the following is the 3rd hardest mineral and usually use in gemstones?
a. Corundum
b. Topaz
c. Quartz
d. Calcite
b. Topaz
138
_____ is exhibited when a mineral breaks and smooth flat surfaces are formed from breakage
Cleavage
139
chemical sedimentary rocks contain fossils of plants and animals (true or false)
false
140
It is formed by accumulation, compaction and cementation of different particles because of physical and chemical weathering
Detrital sedimentary rocks
141
When the light strikes a ______ mineral, almost all the lights will completely pass through
Transparent
142
It is the property of a mineral that is easiest to identify
**Color**
143
It is the color of the mineral in powdered form. / can be obtained by rubbing the mineral across/ this property is often used in identifying the mineral since it is very consistent unlike color
Streak
144
It determines how easy mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress
Mineral strength
145
The terms used to describe mineral strength are tenacity, hardness, cleavage, and fracture
- tenacity
- hardness
- cleavage
- fracture
146
Refers to the mineral's resistance to breaking or deforming. This mineral can be either brittle, malleable or elastic
Tenacity
147
It is the measure of a mineral's resistance to abrasion or scratching.
Hardness
148
To determine the hardness of a mineral, a comparative hardness scale assigning numerical values to hardness of a mineral was ???
Friedrich Mohs
149
It is exhibited when a mineral breaks and smooth flat surfaces are form breakage
Cleavage
150
A measurement done by mineralogist to describe the density of the mineral. It also represents the ratio of the mass of the mineral to the mass of equal volume of water
Specific Gravity
151
Any solid that is naturally found on earth.
Rock
152
The magma cools and solidifies through the process of crystallization which may occur either beneath the surface of the earth or at the surface through volcanic eruption. The resulting rock is called ??
Igneous rocks
153
It may consist of minerals, other pre existing rocks or organic debris
Rock
154
The igneous rock undergo weathering (true or false)
True
155
The eroded materials are deposited as ??
Sediments
156
The sediments undergo lithification (conversion to rock) to become ???? When compacted and cemented
Sedimentary rocks
157
It is formed by crystallization and solidification of molten rock and made up of 80% of the mass of the earths crust (e.g. obsidian)
Igneous rock
158
These are formed from magma erupted from a volcano and is the most common rock types on earths surface particularly in the ocean (e.g. pumice)
Volcanic rocks
159
They are crystallized slowly cooling magma below the surface of the earth. (e.g. granite)
Plutonic rocks
160
70% of the rocks on the earth are sedimentary in origin (true or false)
True
161
Are metamorphic rocks without layering, banding or alignment. Marble and quartzite
Non-foliated textures
162
Are brought about by pressure. Pressure causes mineral grains to realign and certain minerals to recrystallized. (e.g. slate, schist and gneiss)
Foliated textures
163
Started out as some other types of rocks, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form
Metamorphic rocks
164
They are formed from consolidation of material (sediments) from pre-existing rocks, from precipitation or from life processes (e.g. sandstone)
Sedimentary rocks
165
Those that are formed by accumulation, compaction and cementation lf different particles that came from mechanical or chemical weathering
Detrial sedimentary rocks
166
Forms when dissolved materials precipitate
Chemical sedimentary rocks
167
They are formed by accumulated sedimentary debris caused by organic processes. (E.g bituminous coal)
Organic sedimentary
168
The outer layer of rocks subsequently peel off from its main mass due to excessive expansion and contraction.
**Thermal and Pressure Change**
169
Which of the following rocks in cave hangs on the ceiling?
a. Stalactites
b. Stalagmites
c. Limestone
d. Granite
**a. Stalactites**
170
Which of the following is not an agent of weathering?
a. Sand and Gravel
b. Hydration
c. Frost Action
d. Animals
**a. Sand and Gravel**
171
Which of the following is not an example of Exogenic Process?
a. Weathering
b. Metamorphism
c. Erosion
d. Mass Wasting
**b. Metamorphism**
172
Which of the following is best describes weathering?
a. A mechanical and chemical hammer that sculpts and breaks down rocks
b. A process of forming and aligning rocks
c. A mechanical and chemical process of transferring sediments and rocks
d. A formation and solidification of magma to generate rocks
**a. A mechanical and chemical hammer that sculpts and breaks down rocks**
173
Which of the following types of chemical weathering causes by too much amount of acidic rain fall that result for the rock to weather?
a. Hydration
b. Carbonation
c. Oxidation
d. Hydrolysis
**b. Carbonation**
174
Which of the following is the abrupt movement of and free fall of loosened solid rock?
a. Rock Falls
b. Avalanche
c. Landslide
d. Slump
**a. Rock Falls**
175
Which of the following best describes Mudslides?
a. A rapidly moving earth flow containing higher water content
b. A fast moving earthflow in a mountainous region
c. A sinking mass movement that occurs relatively rapid fashion
d. A sinking mass wasting in gradual movement
**a. A rapidly moving earth flow containing higher water content**
176
Which of the following involves the movement of weathered rocks from their site of weathering by different agents?
a. Mass movement
b. Weathering
c. Faulting
d. Erosion
**d. Erosion**
177
Which of the following happens whenever rocks are broken up without any changes in their chemical composition?
a. Physical Weathering
b. Chemical Weathering
c. Biological Weathering
d. All of the above
**a. Physical Weathering**
178
The physical breakdown and/or chemical alteration of rocks at or near the Earth's surface is referred to as ?
**weathering**
179
It is the mechanical and chemical hammer that breaks down and sculpts the rock
weathering
180
What are the two kinds of weathering?
**Physical and Chemical**
181
These are external processes that occur at/or near the surface of Earth. These are part of the rock cycle and responsible for transforming rock into sediment
**Exogenic Process**
182
It is the decomposition of rocks due to chemical reactions occurring between the minerals in rocks and the environment.
**Chemical Weathering**
183
Chemical weathering transforms rocks and minerals exposed to water and agses in the tmosphere into new chemical compound thus, forming different rocks and minerals (true or false)
true
184
What are the processes that can cause physical weathering?
**1. Thermal and Pressure Change
2. Wind and Waves
3. Freeze Thaws
4. Organic Acitivity**
185
It refers to the breakdown of rocks wthout a change in its composition.
**Mechanical/Physical weathering**
186
When a rock gets hot, it expands, while at ngiht , the rock gets cold causing contraction.
true
187
This would mean that the rock is fractured, cracked or fragmented into smaller pieces
**Breakdown**
188
It is when rocks crumble and break into fragments because they are subjected to alaternating hot and cold temeprature many times
**Thermal and Pressure Change**
189
Repeated swings in temperature weaken the rock and in the process, mineral grains loosened fromt he rocks and eventually the rocks break down into pieces
**true**
190
It can all cause physical weathering. Tiny grains of sand are picked up and carried off by the wind, which are then blasted on the surface of rocks, smoothening them. This could wear away the rocks and weather it
**Wind and Waves**
191
This happens particularly in cold climate. The freeezing creates cracks.
**Freeze and Thaw**
192
On the seashore, the action of wave chips away and cracks the rocks. (true or false)
**true**
193
Animals and plants also take a heavy toll on rocks and causes them to wear away. It could be an animal like rabbit that burrows into a crack in the rocks as it constantly burrows and makes the cracks bigger, it ends up ripping the rocks apart.
**Organic Activity**
194
What are the process that can cause chemical weathering?
**1. Hydration
2. Carbonation
3. Oxidation**
195
It is another kind of chemical weathering process that occurs when oxygen, considered as an active gas, combines with another substances like minerals in rocks, yielding compound called oxides.
**Oxidation**
196
Water is nature's versatile tool that can bring about chemical weathering. Molecules of some substance in rocks chemically combine with water molecules. This process is called ?
**Hydration**
197
It is when carbon dioxied may bond with other substances in a process known as ?
**carbonation**
198
involves the movement of the weathered rock from their site of weathering by agents of erosion such as wind, moving water, ice and gravity.
**Erosion**
199
Water can carry almost any size of any rocks. The greater the volume of water and the steeper the slope, the bigger and more rocks can be transported.
**Transport by Water**
200
Transport makes erosion complete because it involves the mvoement of the eroded materials and sediments (true or false)
**true**
201
Weathering does nto always occur before erosion. Erosion always follow after the weathering.
**true**
202
203
Wind contionously blows away loose paricles of rocks and soil from place to place. This is common in dry areas such as deserts.
**Transport by Wind**
204
These are by the internal heat of the earth, which in turn results from the radioactive decay of elements deep beneath surface.
Endogenic (internal origin)
205
Formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth
**Endogenic**
206
It is a mixture of molten rock, minerals and gases.
**Magma**
207
Crust together with a hard upper part of the mantle (plates, crust under continents, crust under ocean)
**Lithosphere**
208
So much pressure and heat the rocks can flow like a liquid. It allows lithosphere to "float" on top of it
**Asthenosphere (Below Lithospshere)**
209
This mixture is usually made up of a hot liquid base called the ______ , minerals crystallizes by the melt, solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines and dissolved gas
**Melt**
210
At about 30-65km below the earth surface,the temperature is high enough to melt rocks into magma is how magmas formed.
**true**
211
What's at the bottom of the deepest hole on earth?
**The Kola Superdeep Borehole**
212
Originates in the lower part of the Earth's crust and in the upper portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere
**Magma**
213
if opposite direction, convection currents drive plates apart (true or false)
true
214
It is the resistance to flow (an anatomy for fluidity)
Viscosity
215
Magma with the higher silica content has higher viscosity (true or false)
true
216
Magma with low temperature has higher viscosity than those with high temperature. (true or false)
true
217
218
Viscosity increases with increasing silica concentration in the magma (true or false)
True
219
Low silica content = Dark colored = ???
Mafic
220
High silica content = light colored = ???
Felsic
221
Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature of the magma (true or false)
true
222
Types of magma
- felsic magma
- intermediate
- mafic
- ultramafic
223
have the higher silica content than mafic magma which results in a higher gas content and higher viscosity
Intermediate Magma
224
The more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools as andesite rock (true or false)
true
225
The hottest and fastest flowing magma.
Ultramafic magma
226
Has the highest silica of all. It also has the lowest average temperature.
Felsic Magma
227
Has relatively low silica content but high in iron and magnesium. Has high average temperature which contributes too its low viscosity
Mafic magma
228
It is defined as the force that could create deformation on rocks in their shape and volume
Stress
229
Rock beneath the Earth's surface experiences equal pressure exerted on it from all directions because the weight of overlying rocks. It is like the hydrostatic stress (water pressure) that a person feels pressing all over his body when diving down deep in the water
Lithostatic stress
230
In many cases, rock may experience an additional unequal stress due to tectonic forces.
Differential Stress
231
Three basic kinds of differential stress
Tension stress (stretching)
Compressional Stress (Squeezing)
Shear stress
232
When two plates are pushing towards each other — squeezes rock causing it to fold or break (Ocean Trenches & Mountain Ridges)
**Compression stress**
233
when two plates moves away from each other — pulls and stretches rocks (Continental Rifts & Mid-Ocean Ridges)
Tension
234
the rock is being pulled in opposite directions. It is similar to the motion between individual playing cards when the top of the stack is moved relative to the bottom
Shear Stress
235
It changes in shape by a very small amount in response to the stress. The deformation is not permanent, it is reversible. The rock return to its original shape
Elastic deformation
236
It is an irreversible strain wherein the rock breaks
Fracture
237
These are extremely long and deep break or in a rock. It is a result
Faults
238
If a a differential stress is applied that is greater than the rock's yield strength, rock fracture
Brittle deformation or fracture
239
Occurs when brittle rocks are stretched-tectonic-tensional forces are involved and the movement of blocks of rock is mainly in the vertical direction (sinking and rising) The block is lying on the top of the fault surface is referred to as the hanging wall while one below is referred as the footwall
Dip — Slip (Normal Fault)
240
Hanging wall moves Hanging wall moves down relative to the footwalldown relative to the footwall
Normal fault
241
Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall
Thrust fault
242
Occurs when brittle rocks are sheared (the opposing tectonic forces are at right angles to compression and tension directions) and the , movement of blocks of rock is chiefly in the horizon direction
Strike-slip fault
243
When rocks are deform in ductile in manner, instead if fracturing to form faults or joints, they may bend or fold and the resulting structure are called
Folds
244
These are the simplest types of folds. It occurs when the horizontal layers are bent upwards so that the two limbs of the fold are horizontal
Monoclines
245
Is the downward arc or curve of a fold.
Syncline
246
A bend in a rock layer caused by forces withing the crust of the earth
Fold
247
These are the folded rock formations that have an upwards convex shape
Anticlines
248
Endogenic process play an important role in the formation of variety of landscapes due to the movement of tectonic plates (true or false)
True
249
Rocks buried deep within the Earth's crust behave differently when subjected to differential stress. It is impossible to produce fracture un the rocks the way it is at the Earth's surface. Rocks become thicker under compressional stress and thinner under tensional stress
Ductile deformation
250
It is a branch of science that deals with the study of life
**Biology**
251
It is the condition that distinguishes animals, plants, and microorganisms from inorganic matter
Life
252
Biology helps to know about the diversity in the living world, the ways by whcih it can be conserved, more about ourselves
*(true or false)*
**true**
253
What are the three primary branches of biology?
**1. Botany (study of plants)
2. Zoology (study of animals)
3. Microbiology (study of microorganisms)**
254
It is the study of various aspects of living organisms and their interactions with the non-living components
**Biology**
255
What are the five modern branches of biology?
**1. Bioinformatics
2. Molecular Biology
3. Pharmacogenomics
4. Genomics
5. Proteomics**
256
Studying biology helps to udnrstand how our body is made, how it functions and how it could be maintained in a healthy manner
*(true or false)*
**true**
256
studying biology doesn’t help to undertsnad the resources we use and potential threats to those resources
*(true or false)*
**false**
257
Studying biology helps to understand how life originated on earth and how it has evolved over time
*(true or false)*
**true**
258
studying biology helps to imrpove our health
*(true or false)*
**true**
259
studying biology helps to understand our environment we live, threats to our environment and how we could conserve our environment
*(true or false)*
**true**
260
Studying biology helps to increase food production
*
true or false*
true
261
Every aspect of life from the smallest submicroscopic living particle to the largest most imposing plant and animal species is included
*true or false*
**true**
262
studying biology doesn’t help to understand how the characters pass from generation to generation
*true or false*
**true**
263
Life on earth began more than 3.8 billion years, evolving from the most basic of microbes into a dazzling array of complexity overtime
*true or false*
**true**
264
All living things are made up of cells
*true or false*
**true**
265
Other organisms are multi cellular and are composed of many cells which perform specialized and specific function
*true or false*
**true**
266
It is the idea that life could appear from non-living material
**Spontaneous Generation**
267
Some organisms are unicellular and consist of only a single cell that carries out all life processes
*true or false*
**true**
268
He is the first person to propose the idea of spontaneous generation in 4th century and helt its position as the belief on the origin of life until the 17th century
**Aristotle**
269
Spontaneous Generation is also known as ???
**abiogenesis**
270
Early Beliefs about he Origin of Life:
- frogs developed from falling drops of rain
*true or false*
**true**
271
It is the belief that life originates from pre-existing life.
**Biogenesis**
272
In 1668, an Italian physician, did an experiment to see if the maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs
**Francisco Redi**
273
He concluded that life arose from living matter such as maggots from eggs, not from spontaneous generation in the meat.
**Francisco Redi**
274
In 1745-1748 , a scottish clergyman and naturalist showed that microorganisms flourished in various soups that had been exposed to the air
**John Needham**
275
He concluded that life in the broth caused spontaneous generation to occur. In reality, he did not ehat it long enough to kill all th emicrobes from the broth
**John Needham**
276
In 1765-1767, an Italian abbot and biologist tried several variations on Needham’s soup experiments.
**Lazzaro Spallanzani**
277
