Earth and Space Semester 1 Final

Question 1

What is Astronomy?

Answer 1

The study of celestial objects and phenomena beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

Question 2

What defines Astrophysics?

Answer 2

The study of the physical properties and processes of celestial objects.

Question 3

What is the primary focus of Meteorology?

Answer 3

The study of the Earth’s atmosphere and weather forecasting

Question 4

What does Atmospheric Chemistry study?

Answer 4

The chemical composition and interactions within Earth’s atmosphere

Question 5

What does Paleontology focus on?

Answer 5

The study of fossils and ancient life forms to reconstruct past environments.

Question 6

What does Geochemistry examine?

Answer 6

The chemical composition and interactions of Earth materials.

Question 7

What is the main focus of Oceanography?

Answer 7

The study of the physical, chemical, biological, and geological aspects of the oceans

Question 8

What distinguishes Marine Geology from General Geology?

Answer 8

Marine geology studies the geological features and processes of the ocean floor.

Question 9

What does Environmental Science aim to address?

Answer 9

The interactions between human activities and the environment.

Question 10

What is the focus of Environmental Soil Science?

Answer 10

The study of soil chemistry and its effects on environmental health and land use

Question 11

The first step in the scientific method is to make an _______ about a phenomenon or problem.

Answer 11

Observation

Question 12

To test the hypothesis, an experiment is designed where the scientist manipulates the _______ variable and measures its effect on the _______ variable

Answer 12

Independent, Dependent

Question 13

The factor that is kept constant throughout the experiment is called the _______ variable

Answer 13

Control

Question 14

In a well-designed experiment, a _______ group is used as a baseline to compare with the experimental group.

Answer 14

Control

Question 15

How many millimeters are in 3 centimeters?

Answer 15

30mm

Question 16

Convert 500 grams to kilograms

Answer 16

0.5kg

Question 17

1,000 millimeters is equivalent to 1 meter

Answer 17

true

Question 18

100 milliliters is equivalent to 0.1 liters.

Answer 18

true

Question 19

0.75 meters is equal to 75 centimeters.

Answer 19

true

Question 20

0.00000023 converted to scientific notation is 2.3 x 10 ^6.

Answer 20

false

Question 21

This scientific study of the universe is called:

Answer 21

Astronomy

Question 22

By studying the universe, _________________ have learned more about the origin of the Earth and the formation of our solar system.

Answer 22

Astronomers

Question 23

This is the study of the origin, properties, processes, and the evolution of the universe:

Answer 23

Cosmology

Question 24

In 1609, _____________________ invented a telescope he used to look at the moon.

Answer 24

Galileo

Question 25

In the mid-1600’s, ________________ invented the first reflecting telescope.

Answer 25

Newton

Question 26

Considered a pioneer in astronomy, _________________ is best known for his three laws of planetary motion.

Answer 26

Kepler

Question 27

____________ was a giant explosion which began the universe about 14 billion years ago.

Answer 27

Big Bang

Question 28

____________ is a large collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity.

Answer 28

a galaxy

Question 29

____________ is the galaxy in which we live

Answer 29

a galaxy

Question 30

____________ is part of a galaxy that includes the Sun, planets (including Earth), asteroids, and comets

Answer 30

the solar system

Question 31

____________ is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.

Answer 31

astronomical unit

Question 32

____________ is the distance light travels in one year.

Answer 32

light years

Question 33

____________ is the arrangement of electromagnetic waves.

Answer 33

electromagnetic spectrum

Question 34

____________ is the electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths that the human eye can see.

Answer 34

Visible light

Question 35

____________ is one of the small dots or squares that make up an image on a computer screen.

Answer 35

Pixel

Question 36

____________ is facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.

Answer 36

Data

Question 37

The Earth has how many standard time zones?

Answer 37

24

Question 38

Each time zone covers how many degrees?

Answer 38

15

Question 39

Each zone is how many hours earlier than the zone to the east?

Answer 39

1

Question 40

What is the line where the date changes called?

Answer 40

International Date Line

Question 41

The Prime Meridian is in Greenwich, England, and is how many degrees longitude?

Answer 41

0

Question 42

Earth’s Axis is tilted at 23.5 degrees and always points toward what star?

Answer 42

North

Question 43

What is a large cloud of interstellar gas and dust that collapses on itself, due to its own gravity, and forms a hot, condensed object that will become a new star?

Answer 43

Nebula

Question 44

What is a hot, condensed object at the center of a nebula that will become a new star when nuclear fusion reactions begin?

Answer 44

Protostar

Question 45

What is a spinning neutron star that exhibits a pulsing pattern?

Answer 45

Pulsar

Question 46

What is a massive explosion that occurs when the outer layers of a star are blown off?

Answer 46

Supernova

Question 47

What is the process wherein light elements such as helium and hydrogen form?

Answer 47

Nuclear Fusion

Question 48

What is the process where elements heavier than iron are formed?

Answer 48

r-process

Question 49

What is the process by which elements are created within a star?

Answer 49

Nucleosynthesis

Question 50

What happens in massive stars which convert hydrogen into helium?

Answer 50

Hydrogen Fusion

Question 51

What is the process by which three Helium-4 nuclei are converted into Carbon in red giant stars?

Answer 51

Triple-Alpha process

Question 52

What happens when there is a slow rate of capturing neutrons while there is a faster rate of radioactive decay?

Answer 52

s-process

Question 53

A __________ is a large celestial body that is composed of gas and that emits light.

Answer 53

star

Question 54

Astronomers learn about stars primarily by the __________ that the stars emit.

Answer 54

light

Question 55

The three types of spectra are _________ (bright line), continuous, and _________ (dark line).

Answer 55

emission and absorption

Question 56

The most common elements found in stars are __________ and __________

Answer 56

hydrogen and helium

Question 57

The surface temperature of a star is indicated by the star's __________.

Answer 57

color

Question 58

__________ colored stars are the hottest, above 30,000 degrees Celsius.

Answer 58

blue

Question 59

__________ colored stars range from 10,000 degrees Celsius to 30,000 degrees Celsius.

Answer 59

white

Question 60

Our Sun is a __________ colored star.

Answer 60

yellow

Question 61

What is nuclear fusion?

Answer 61

The process where lighter elements like hydrogen fuse to form heavier elements like helium, releasing energy.

Question 62

Which layer of the Sun is where nuclear fusion occurs?

Answer 62

core

Question 63

What happens in the Sun's core?

Answer 63

Nuclear fusion occurs, producing energy.

Question 64

What happens in the Sun's radiative zone?

Answer 64

Energy is transferred outward through radiation

Question 65

What happens in the Sun's convective zone?

Answer 65

Energy is transferred via convection currents

Question 66

Which layer of the Sun is visible to the naked eye?

Answer 66

Photosphere

Question 67

What is the primary function of the chromosphere of the Sun?

Answer 67

It emits a red glow during solar eclipses.

Question 68

What happens in the corona of the Sun?

Answer 68

It is the outermost layer, emitting solar wind and highly charged particles.

Question 69

What are sunspots?

Answer 69

Dark spots caused by cooler regions of the Sun's photosphere

Question 70

What are coronal mass ejections (CMEs)?

Answer 70

Large eruptions of charged particles from the Sun's corona.

Question 71

What protects Earth from the solar wind?

Answer 71

Earth’s magnetic field

Question 72

What is the solar cycle (or sunspot cycle)?

Answer 72

The 11-year cycle of solar activity, including sunspots, solar flares, and CMEs.

Question 73

What are solar prominences?

Answer 73

Large loops of gas and plasma that rise above the Sun’s surface

Question 74

What is helioseismology?

Answer 74

The study of sound waves traveling through the Sun to understand its internal structure.

Question 75

What causes auroras (Northern and Southern Lights)?

Answer 75

Solar wind interacting with Earth’s magnetic field.

Question 76

Which of the following is closest to the Sun, has no atmosphere, and is covered in impact craters?

Answer 76

Mercury

Question 77

Which planet is second closest to the Sun, has no moons, and is the hottest due to its thick acidic atmosphere?

Answer 77

Venus

Question 78

Which planet has one moon and a moderate temperature range with large bodies of liquid water?

Answer 78

Earth

Question 79

Which planet has two moons, great dust storms, and the largest volcano in the solar system?

Answer 79

Mars

Question 80

____________ has the largest rings in the solar system

Answer 80

Saturn

Question 81

____________ has geysers on its moon Triton that erupt with nitrogen gas

Answer 81

Neptune

Question 82

____________ is the largest planet in the solar system

Answer 82

Jupiter

Question 83

___________ looks like a rolling ball on its tilted axis.

Answer 83

Uranus

Question 84

Who is primarily associated with the development of the geocentric model of the universe?

Answer 84

Ptolemy

Question 85

In the geocentric model, what is at the center of the universe?

Answer 85

earth

Question 86

Which of the following best describes the geocentric model of the universe?

Answer 86

The Earth is at the center of the universe, and all celestial bodies revolve around it

Question 87

Who is primarily credited with proposing the heliocentric model of the universe?

Answer 87

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 88

In the heliocentric model, what is at the center of the universe?

Answer 88

sun

Question 89

Which of the following best describes the heliocentric model of the universe?

Answer 89

The Earth revolves around the Sun, and other planets orbit the Sun