Earth Science

Question 1

Minerals

Answer 1

inorganic elements that are essential to function the human body and obtained from food

Question 2

lithosphere

Answer 2

outermost layer of the Earth, this includes outermost layer of the Earth

Question 3

magma

Answer 3

very hot molten rock that includes gases, that come from the mantle, just below the earths crust.

Question 4

sediments

Answer 4

material that has been broken down by weathering and erosion that is moved by wind or water and collects in layers.

Question 5

lava

Answer 5

hot molten or semi-fluid rock erupted from a volcano or solid rock resulting of cooling.

Question 6

igneous

Answer 6

rocks that form from the cooling of lava or magma as it is thrown through the air from a volcanic eruption

Question 7

extrusive

Answer 7

igneous rock that forms when lava cools above the Earth’s surface

Question 8

intrusive

Answer 8

igneous rock that forms when magma solidify’s inside the crust

Question 9

pumice

Answer 9

a pale rock that forms when lava cools in the air. Pumice often floats on water as it is very light and full of holes that once contained gas.

Question 10

scoria

Answer 10

a dark, igneous rock formed from gassy lava that cools quickly

Question 11

abrasive

Answer 11

a property of a material or substance that easily scratches another

Question 12

basalt

Answer 12

a dark, igneous rock with small crystals formed by fast cooling of hot lava. It sometimes has holes that once contained volcanic gases.

Question 13

obsidian

Answer 13

a black, glassy rock that breaks into pieces with smooth shell-like surfaces

Question 14

granite

Answer 14

a hard, igneous rock with different-coloured crystals large enough to see. It forms slowly below the Earth’s surface.

Question 15

batholiths

Answer 15

intrusive rock mass that measures more than 100 kilometers across

Question 16

lustre

Answer 16

a gentle sheen or soft glow on the mineral which you can see

Question 17

moh’s scale

Answer 17

The Mohs scale is the scale of hardness of the mineral.

Question 18

streak

Answer 18

A streak is a long, thin line or mark of a different substance or color from its surroundings.

Question 19

Sedimentary rock

Answer 19

rock that is formed over a long period of time from particles of sediments

Question 20

how is sandstone formed

Answer 20

this is formed from grains of sand that have been cemented together over a long time.

Question 21

how is shale formed

Answer 21

formed from finer grains of sediment deposited by calm water in the form of mud.

Question 22

conglomerate

Answer 22

contains grains of different sizes that have been cemented together.

Question 23

how is mud stone formed

Answer 23

formed from finer grains of sediment deposited by calm water in the form of mud.

Question 24

how is silt stone formed

Answer 24

has grains slightly larger than those of mud stone.

Question 25

how is coal formed

Answer 25

is formed from the remains of dead plants and animals that are buried by other sediments under alot of pressure.

Question 26

how is limestone formed

Answer 26

is a sedimentary rock that is formed from deposits of the remains of sea organisms such as shellfish and corals.

Question 27

rock salt

Answer 27

is an example of a rock formed in this way. It forms from residues of salt that remain after the evaporation of water from salt lakes or dried-up seabeds and can form beds that are hundreds of metres thick.

Question 28

metamorphism

Answer 28

metamorphism the process that changes rocks by extreme pressure or heat (or both)

Question 29

metamorphic rocks

Answer 29

metamorphic rocks rock formed from another rock that has been under great heat or pressure (or both)

Question 30

mineral ores

Answer 30

rocks mined to obtain a metal or other chemical within them

Question 31

mining

Answer 31

extraction of natural resources from the Earth

Question 32

environmental impact statement (EIS)

Answer 32

study of the possible effects of a planned project on the environment

Question 33

rehabilitated

Answer 33

restored to its previous condition

Question 34

overburden

Answer 34

restored to its previous condition

Question 35

open-cut mining

Answer 35

mining that scours out soil and rocks on the surface of the land

Question 36

underground mining

Answer 36

mining that uses shafts and tunnels to remove rock from deep below the surface

Question 37

alloy

Answer 37

a mixture of a metal with a non-metal or another metal

Question 38

stoneage

Answer 38

the time beginning about two million years ago during which early humans made implements of stone

Question 39

flint

Answer 39

a fine-grained sedimentary rock which leaves a very sharp edge when broken

Question 40

persussion flaking

Answer 40

a process in which tool stones such as flint or obsidian were struck with harder stones, such as quartzite, to shear large flakes that could be used to make small tools

Question 41

fossil

Answer 41

any remains, impression, or trace of an animal or plant of a former geological age; evidence of life in the past

Question 42

folding

Answer 42

the buckling of rocks. It is caused when rocks are under pressure from both sides.

Question 43

paleontologists

Answer 43

a scientist who studies fossils

Question 44

relative age

Answer 44

the age of a rock compared with the age of another rock

Question 45

carnivores

Answer 45

animal that eats other animals

Question 46

scavengers

Answer 46

animals that eat dead plant and animal material

Question 47

mould

Answer 47

cavity in a rock that shows the shape of the hard parts of an organism; types of fungi found growing on the surface of foods

Question 48

trace fossils

Answer 48

fossils that provide evidence, such as footprints, that an organism was present when the rock was formed

Question 49

extinct

Answer 49

describes volcanoes that are no longer active. Extinct volcanoes have not erupted for thousands of years and show no sign of future eruption.