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Earth science (Let's Talk Science 2025) Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of ocean zones?

A

Pelagic zones and Benthic zones

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2
Q

Where is the Intertidal Zone located?

A

Between high and low tide marks

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3
Q

What is the depth range of the Epipelagic Zone?

A

0–200 m

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4
Q

What allows photosynthesis to occur in the Epipelagic Zone?

A

Sunlight

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5
Q

What percentage of marine life is found in the Epipelagic Zone?

A

~90%

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6
Q

What is the temperature range in the Epipelagic Zone?

A

−2°C to 32°C

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7
Q

What is the pressure increase in the Epipelagic Zone?

A

1 atm per 10 m depth

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8
Q

What characterizes the Mesopelagic Zone?

A

Dim light; no photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the pressure range in the Mesopelagic Zone?

A

20–100 atm

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10
Q

What phenomenon occurs at ~500–800 m in the Mesopelagic Zone?

A

Thermocline

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11
Q

What is the temperature in the Bathypelagic Zone?

A

Approximately 4°C

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12
Q

What defines the Abyssopelagic Zone?

A

Covers 83% of ocean, 60% of Earth’s surface

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13
Q

What is the temperature range in the Abyssopelagic Zone?

A

3–4°C

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14
Q

What are black smokers and white smokers?

A

Hot, sulfur-rich and cooler, mineral-rich vents

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15
Q

What is the Hadalpelagic Zone characterized by?

A

Found in trenches and troughs

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16
Q

What is the deepest point in the Hadalpelagic Zone?

A

Challenger Deep in Mariana Trench (10,924 m)

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17
Q

What percentage of Earth’s surface do oceans cover?

A

71%

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18
Q

What is the average salinity of seawater?

A

35g of salt per kg of seawater

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19
Q

What causes ocean currents?

A

Tides, wind, and thermohaline circulation

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20
Q

What effect does Earth’s rotation have on surface ocean currents?

A

Coriolis Effect

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21
Q

What is the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt?

A

Deep ocean currents driven by thermohaline circulation

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22
Q

What effects do rising sea levels have?

A

Coastal erosion, flooding, habitat loss

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23
Q

What is ocean acidification?

A

Ocean pH dropped from 8.2 to 8.1 since Industrial Revolution

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24
Q

What is the primary cause of ocean deoxygenation?

A

Warmer water leads to less oxygen retention

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25
What causes extreme weather events related to oceans?
Warmer oceans lead to more evaporation and moisture
26
What are water waves?
Energy transfers through vibrations
27
What generates wind-generated waves?
Kinetic energy from wind
28
What are rogue waves?
Giant, unpredictable ocean waves
29
What causes tsunamis?
Seismic events like earthquakes and volcanoes
30
What are megatsunamis?
Larger than regular tsunamis caused by massive landslides or asteroid impacts
31
What are tides caused by?
Gravity from the Moon and the Sun
32
What is the Cryosphere?
All solid water on Earth
33
What forms glaciers?
Compacted snow over years
34
What is the largest ice mass on Earth?
Antarctic Ice Sheet
35
What percentage of Earth's freshwater is held by the Antarctic Ice Sheet?
90%
36
What are ice shelves?
Floating extensions of ice sheets
37
What characterizes sea ice?
Made from frozen seawater
38
What is a significant feature of icebergs?
Only 10% visible above the surface
39
What is the ice-albedo effect?
Regulates ocean temperature and influences climate
40
What seasonal phenomenon do icebergs undergo?
Melts and freezes seasonally.
41
What are icebergs made of?
Broken pieces of glaciers or ice shelves.
42
What percentage of an iceberg is visible above the surface?
10%.
43
What is the weight of the largest known iceberg, A-76?
Up to 200,000 metric tons.
44
The largest known iceberg was the size of which location?
Prince Edward Island.
45
How does the cryosphere influence climate and weather?
Regulates ocean temperature.
46
What is the ice-albedo effect?
Ice reflects sunlight (high albedo); oceans absorb sunlight (low albedo).
47
What happens during the positive feedback loop involving melting ice?
Melting ice → more heat absorption → more melting.
48
What gases and particles does ice trap?
CO₂, methane, and particles.
49
What field of study uses ice cores to analyze past climates?
Paleoclimatology.
50
What climate data do ice cores provide?
Data from thousands of years ago.
51
What greenhouse gases are released when ice melts?
Trapped greenhouse gases.
52
What effect does permafrost thawing have on greenhouse gases?
Adds more CO₂ and methane.
53
What are the threats posed by rising sea levels?
* Threaten coastal and island communities * Create climate refugees * Ecosystem disruption
54
How does climate change affect polar bear populations?
Affects species and food availability.
55
What cultural impact does climate change have on northern communities?
Affects traditional ways of life.
56
What percentage of Canada's territory does the Arctic cover?
40%.
57
How many people live in the Canadian Arctic?
Over 200,000 people.
58
What is a significant challenge for Arctic communities regarding basic needs?
Access is limited; goods must be flown in or shipped.
59
What are icebreakers designed to do?
Move through thick sea ice.
60
What is the purpose of the Polar Icebreaker?
To deliver supplies, support science, and respond to emergencies.
61
What is a key feature of the Polar Icebreaker?
Built to operate year-round in the Arctic.
62
How thick can the ice be that the Polar Icebreaker can slice through?
2.5 metres.
63
What temperature can the Polar Icebreaker withstand?
-50°C.
64
What is the length of the Polar Icebreaker?
158.2 m.
65
How much fuel can the Polar Icebreaker carry?
4,000,000 litres.
66
What is the total weight of the Polar Icebreaker?
26,000 tonnes.
67
What is a unique feature of the Polar Icebreaker's design?
Bow made with ultra-thick steel.
68
What are the key parts of the Polar Icebreaker?
* Vehicle garage with ice access * Hangar for two helicopters * Moon pool for diving/ROVs access * Two working decks with cranes * Multiple science labs
69
What jobs can the Polar Icebreaker perform?
* Search and rescue * Supplying Arctic communities * Clearing harbours * Keeping global shipping routes open * Environmental response * Scientific research
70
What are the names of the first two ships built for cultural significance?
CCGS Arpatuuq and CCGS Imnaryuaq.

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