Earth Science Prelims (1.2-2.2) Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
is a series of seismic waves travelling through earth and is a result of a sudden release of energy
A
earthquake
2
Q
body waves that radiate outward in all directions
A
seismic waves
3
Q
found along the edges of tectonic plates
A
- earthquake epicenters
- volcanoes
4
Q
they cause considerable human suffering and major events that cause billions of dollars in losses
A
geological events
5
Q
examples of geological events
A
- tsunamis
- landslides
- debris flow
- mountain formation
- earthquake
- volcanic eruptions
6
Q
some of these events only occur in certain areas, and some provide warning time
A
geological events
7
Q
point within earth where an earthquake rupture starts (usually 670 km below the surface)
A
focus
8
Q
geographic point at the surface directly above the focus
A
epicenter
9
Q
why is the Philippines prone to earthquakes
A
located in the Ring of Fire
10
Q
what magnitude earthquake hit davao del sur in Dec. 15, 2019
A
6.9
11
Q
what are the earthquake hazards
A
- injury
- property damage
- death
- fire
- tsunami
12
Q
what to do before an earthquake
A
- have an emergency kit at all times
- familiarise yourself with emergency exit routes
- participate in earthquake drills
- duck, cover, and hold on
13
Q
a landform that rises at least 300m (1000ft) above its surrounding area
A
mountain
14
Q
highest mountain on earth
A
mt. everest
15
Q
elevation above sea level of mt everest
A
8848m (29035ft)
16
Q
what 2 countries’ border is mt everest located in
A
- tibet
- nepal
17
Q
actual height , from base to peak, of mt everest
A
3600m (12000ft)
18
Q
height of its summit over the surrounding terrain
A
peak of a mountain
19
Q
a chain of mountains
A
mountain range
20
Q
highest mountain range in the world
A
himalayas
21
Q
what 2 plates collided to form the himalayas
A
- indian plate
- eurasian plate
22
Q
what do long chains of mountain ranges joined together form, that extend for several hundred kilometers, often crossing continents
A
mountain belts
23
Q
stretches across 7 south american countries
A
andes mountains
24
Q
what two plates collided to form the andes mountains
A
- pacific plate
- south american plate
25
countries in andes mountains
- argentina
- chile
- bolivia
- peru
- ecuador
- colombia
- venezuela
26
longest mountain range in the PH that runs along the northeast coast of luzon island
sierra madre
27
what are the provinces in sierra madre
- aurora
- bulacan
- cagayan
- isabela
- laguna
- nueva ecija
- nueva vizcaya
- quezon
- quirino
- rizal
28
tsunamis can travel at speeds of up to ___
800km/h
29
things that should be in an emergency kit
- food
- medicines
- personal items
- important documents
30
all the major plates (7)
- north american plate
- south american plate
- eurasian plate
- indo-australian plate
- antarctic plate
- african plate
- pacific plate
31
all the minor plates (8)
- juan de fuca plate
- cocos plate
- scotia plate
- philippine plate
- nazca plate
- arabian plate
- indian plate
- carribean plate
32
plates that contain mostly continental landmasses
continental plates
33
plates that form a portion of the ocean bottom
oceanic plates
34
-the movement of the lithosphere that produced the landforms on earth’s surface is stated in what
theory
- this theory explains the formation of earth’s crust and its movement
- associates earthquake, volcanoes, mountain formation, and other geophysical phenomena to the movement and interaction of the rigid played that make up earth’s crust
plate tectonic theory
35
german scientist who became interested in the way continents seemed to fit together at the boundaries
alfred wegener
36
a single landmass meaning “all land”
pangaea
37
similar patterns of rocks and fossils manifested in the southern hemisphere
gondwana sequence
38
describes one of the earliest ways geologists thought continents moved over time
continental drift theory
39
is the study of magnetic fields recorded in rocks, sediment, or archeological materials
paleomagnetism
40
movement of materials caused by the difference in their temperature
convection currents
41
- the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwards, pushing older crust away from the ridge
- the ocean crusts were spreading away from the mid ocean ridges
seafloor spreading
42
- the process where one plate containing oceanic lithosphere descends beneath the adjacent plate
- occurs when the old seafloor plunges back into the interior of the earth
subduction
43
- v shaped valleys that lie along the bottom of the oceans
- deepest part of the oceans
trenches
44
- the plates lie atop of partially molten rock
- upper layer of the earths mantle, below the lithosphere
asthenosphere
45
- occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other
- the plates move apart to either side of the rift valleys
divergent boundaries
46
another name for divergent boundaries
constructive boundaries
47
why are divergent boundaries called constructive boundaries
because new material is added to the plates
48
what is formed in divergent boundaries
- oceans
- new crust
- rift valleys
- underwater mountains and ridges
49
- occurs due to subduction
- it is when two plates come together
convergent boundaries
50
3 types of convergent boundaries
- oceanic-continental
- continental-continental
- oceanic-oceanic
51
when two continental plates move towards each other
continental-continental
52
when a oceanic plate and a continental plate move towards each other
oceanic-continental
53
when two oceanic plates move towards each other
oceanic-oceanic
54
what is another name for convergent boundaries
destructive boundaries
55
why are convergent boundaries named destructive boundaries
because plate material is subducted
56
what is formed in oceanic-continental
volcanic arc
57
what is formed in oceanic-oceanic
- undersea volcanoes
- island volcanoes
- island arc
58
what is formed in continental-continental
mountain range
plateau
59
what is formed in convergent boundary
- mountains
- volcanoes
60
plate boundary where plates slide past each other
transform boundary
61
what is formed in a transform boundary
- fault valley
- undersea canyon
62
what occurs most along transform boundaries
earthquakes
63
3 layers of earth
- crust
- mantle
- core
64
- crust and upper mantle make up what
- it is the rigid outer part of the planet
lithosphere
65
- outermost layer of the earth and is made up of solid materials and minerals
- it is where landforms such as volcanoes, valleys, and mountain ranges are formed
crust
66
what is between the crust and mantle
mohorovičić discontinuity
67
consists of semiliquid rock
mantle
68
extremely hot and dense due to high pressure and temperature
core
69
2 parts of the core
- inner core
- outer core
70
part of the core that is solid
inner core
71
part of the core that is believed to be liquid or have liquid properties
outer core
72
is broken into several tectonic plates, which move at an extremely slow pace
lithosphere
73
the most active volcanoes are located in which two volcanic belts
- alpine-himalayan belt
- circum-pacific belt / ring of fire
74
2 most explosive volcanoes in the world and their locations
- Mount St. Helens - Washington, USA
- Mount Pinatubo - Philippines
75
- usually associated with seismic activity , presence of hot water spring, and changes in the elevation of the volcano’s crater
active volcano
76
a volcano is considered ____ if it has not erupted but may erupt based on seismic indications of tectonic activity beneath the volcano
dormant
77
a volcano that is not active or has not erupted for a long time
extinct volcano
78
how many active volcanoes are in the PH
23
79
all the active volcanoes in the Philippines are located along the
pacific ring of fire
80
a hazard associated with volcanic activities, which can be triggered by heavy rainfall
lahar
81
(recent mayon volcano eruption) when did it happen
january 24, 2018
82
(recent mayon volcano eruption) how long did it last
8 minutes
83
(recent mayon volcano eruption) lava was thrown how far into the atmosphere
700m
84
(recent mayon volcano eruption) danger zone was extended into what radius
9km radius
85
(recent mayon volcano eruption) lava and a cloud of ash spewed out of the volcano for how many days prior to its eruption
more than 10 days
86
(recent mayon volcano eruption) how many residents were forced to flee their homes
40 000
87
(recent mayon volcano eruption) how many people were displaced as a result of this disaster
60 500
88
(recent mayon volcano eruption) authorities raised the level of the scale from _ to _
- 4
- 5
89
(recent mayon volcano eruption) how high did the plume of smoke reach into the sky
10km
90
temperature of lava
1250 C
91
how many lives have been lost in the past 300 years because of volcano eruptions and their aftermath
260 000
92
a large system of underwater mountains
mid-ocean ridge
93
deep crack in a mid-ocean ridge
rift valley
