Earthquake And Its Hazards

Question 1

a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of
rock materials below the earth’s surface

Answer 1

EARTHQUAKE

Question 2

refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of weakness where movement or displacement
has occurred or may occur again

Answer 2

FAULT

Question 3

earthquakes produced by movement of magma beneath volcanoes.

Answer 3

VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES

Question 4

earthquakes produced by sudden movement along faults and plate
boundaries.

Answer 4

TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE

Question 5

point within the earth which is the center of energy release during an earthquake.

Answer 5

FOCUS

Question 6

(energy) based on instrumentally derived information and correlates strength
with the amount of total energy release at the earthquakes’ point of origin

Answer 6

MAGNITUDE

Question 7

(shaking) perceived strength of an earthquake based on relative effect to people and structures; generally higher near the epicentre

Answer 7

INTENSITY

Question 8

• the instrument that records an earthquake

Answer 8

SEISMOGRAPH

Question 9

– sensor that detects ground motion

Answer 9

SEISMOMETER

Question 10

the record of earthquake retrieved from a seismograph

Answer 10

SEISMOGRAM

Question 11

disruptive up-down and sideways movement or motion experienced during an earthquake

Answer 11

GROUND SHAKING

Question 12

displacement on the ground due to movement of fault

Answer 12

GROUND RAPTURE

Question 13

a process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediment from
that of a solid to that of a liquid

Answer 13

LIQUEFACTION

Question 14

sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an
earthquake

Answer 14

TSUNAMI

Question 15

failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an

earthquake

Answer 15

EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDE

Question 16

exercise of the correct manner of proceeding during and after an earthquake

Answer 16

EARTHQUAKE DRILL

Question 17

scheme or method of evacuating from indoor, which is developed in advanc

Answer 17

EVACUATION PLAN

Question 18

pen space evaluated as safe from falling debris and other materials that may collapse, where evacuees proceed to during evaluation

Answer 18

EVACUATION AREA

Question 19

acronym for School Disaster Management Committee, core group composed of several teams with specific tasks in managing disaster in school

Answer 19

SDMC

Question 20

cronym for “Duck, Cover and Hold”, a procedure where one takes cover and holds onto a sturdy table or strongly supported doorway, or stands against an inside wall

Answer 20

DCH

Question 21

pre-arranged signal like siren/bell that indicates the earthquake/ground shaking

Answer 21

ALARM

Question 22

reaction while the alarm is on-going, one performs the “Duck, Cover and Hold” technique and remains in this position until the siren stops.

Answer 22

RESPONSE

Question 23

if it is geologically young-looking, which suggests it possibly erupted in less than 10,000 years

Answer 23

POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANO

Question 24

if it has had eruptions in historic times supported by numerous historical accounts; (2) if it has oral folkloric history which suggests an eruption that is remembered by our ancestors; (3) if it has shown indications of seismic activity and (4) if it has volcanic deposits less than 10,000 years as determined by radiometric dating.

Answer 24

ACTIVE VOLCANO

Question 25

if it has no record of eruptions and its form has been changed by agents of weathering and erosion with the formation of deep gullies.

Answer 25

INACTIVE VOLANCANO

Question 26

– low symmetrical accumulations of cinder (scoria) and or tuff (ash). These volcanoes are usually associated with low silica or basaltic magma, usually for during just one eruption, and may be lateral vents associated with bigger volcanic complexes.

Answer 26

MONOGENTIC CONES

Question 27

mound-shaped or convex volcanoes formed by repeated slow extrusion of viscous magma. Domes are associated with low- to high silica magma e.g. Hibok-hibok Volcano

Answer 27

VOLCANIC DOMES/ DOMES COMPLEXES

Question 28

cone-shaped volcanoes typically having one or several summit craters and formed by repeated alternate deposition of lava and pyroclastic. Stratovolcanoes are usually formed by intermediate silica or andesitic magma . e.g. Mayon Volcano.

Answer 28

STRATO- VOLCANO

Question 29

large volcanic edifices typically composed of several volcanic centers around a central 2 km wide crater. - are formed by highly explosive eruptions in between long periods of dormancy and are typically associated with high-silica or rhyolitic magma, e.g. Taal Caldera

Answer 29

CALDERAS

Question 30

– steam-driven eruptions caused by the contact of water with hot country rocks (not magma). - are short-lived, producing only ephemeral ash columns, but may be precursory to larger eruptive activity.

Answer 30

Phreatic or hydrothermal eruptions

Question 31

– very violent eruptions generated by the explosive contact of erupting magma with water. These eruptions produce voluminous columns of very fine ash and, more importantly, laterally projected, high-speed and hazardous pyroclastic currents called base surges.

Answer 31

Phreatomagmatic eruptions

Question 32

– periodic weak to violent eruptions of gas-charges fluid lava characterized by lava fountaining and flow.

Answer 32

Strombolian eruptions

Question 33

– canon-like explosions produced by the detonation of a solidified plug of magma in the volcanic conduit by pressurized accumulated gas beneath it - are characterized by tall eruption columns that can reach up to 20 km high and the generation of pyroclastic flows and ashfall tephra.

Answer 33

Vulcanian eruptions

Question 34

sustained and excessively explosive eruption of voluminous gas and pyroclastic that produce tall eruption columns in excess of 40 km and well- pronounced umbrella clouds. - produce caldera but more importantly, voluminous pyroclastic flows that often form widespread sheets of deposits called an ignimbrite field. These eruption are known to cause global climactic changes due to the injection of large quantities of volcanic gas into the stratosphere.

Answer 34

Plinian eruptions

Question 35

Fast turbulent mass of fragmented volcanic material (ash and rocks) mixed with hot gases that flows downslope at very high speed (>60kph).

Answer 35

Pyroclastic Flow

Question 36

Stream-like flow of incandescent, molten | rock material erupted from a volcano.

Answer 36

Lava Flow

Question 37

Shower of fine-to-coarse-grained volcanic material and other airborne products of a volcanic eruption

Answer 37

Ash Fall or Tephra Fall

Question 38

Rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic materials and water, usually generated along river channels by extreme rainfal

Answer 38

LAHAR

Question 39

Gases released to the atmosphere in the form of water vapour, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride.

Answer 39

Volcanic Gases

Question 40

A massive collapse of a huge portion of a volcano usually triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption.

Answer 40

Debris Avalanche or Volcanic Landslide

Question 41

Waves or wave trains that are generated by the sudden displacement of water during volcanic eruptions. These could also be generated during undersea eruptions or by debris avalanches.

Answer 41

TSUNAMI OR SEICHE

Question 42

area to be evacuated for Alert Level 3 covering 6 km SE-NW from the crater

Answer 42

Zone A

Question 43

area to be evacuated for Alert Level 4, covering 8 km SE-NW from the crater

Answer 43

Zone B

Question 44

Area to be evacuated when eruption becomes very explosive and hazardous, covering 12 to 14 km SENW from the crater

Answer 44

ZONE C