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4TH YEAR 1ST SEM > EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS > Flashcards

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS Flashcards

1
Q

The amount of destruction associated with given amounts of ground motion depends largely on the _____ and infrastructure according to specific codes.

A

design and construction of buildings

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2
Q

During an earthquake, buildings may sway with a characteristic frequency that depends on the _____

A

building’s height
size
construction
underlying material
magnitude of the earthquake

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3
Q

_____ or ruptures may have horizontal, vertical, or combined displacements across them and may cause considerable damage.

A

Ground breaks

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4
Q

_____ are also one of the causes of the rupture of pipelines, roads and communication cables during earthquakes.

A

Ground breaks

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5
Q

_____ is the movement of material downhill.

A

Mass wasting

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6
Q

_____ occurs by a slow gradual creeping of soils and rocks downhill, but during earthquakes large volumes of rock, soil, and all that is built on it may suddenly collapse in a landslide.

A

Mass wasting

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7
Q

_____ is a process where sudden shaking of certain types of water-saturated sands and muds turns these once-solid sediments into a slurry, a substance with a liquid-like consistency

A

Liquefaction

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8
Q

when some areas were uplifted by many tens of feet, the water table recovered to a lower level relative to the land’s surface, and soon became out of reach of many water wells that had to be redrilled.

A

Changes in Ground Level

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9
Q

also known as seismic sea waves, are usually generated from submarine landslides that displace a large volume of rock and sediment on the seafloor, which in turn displaces a large amount of water

A

Tsunamis

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10
Q

may be generated by the back-and-forth motion associated with earthquakes, causing a body of water (usually lakes or bays) to rock back and forth, gaining amplitude and splashing up to higher levels than normally associated with that body of water.

A

Seiche waves

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11
Q

Deformation on the ground that marks the intersection of the fault with the earth’s surface

A

Ground rupture

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12
Q

Disruptive up, down and sideways vibration of the ground during an earthquake.

A

Ground shaking

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13
Q

Phenomenon wherein sediments, especially near bodies of water, behave like liquid similar to a quicksand.

A

Liquefaction

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14
Q

Down slope movement of rocks, solid and other debris commonly triggered by strong shaking.

A

Earthquake-induced landslide

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15
Q

Series of waves caused commonly by an earthquake under the sea.

A

Tsunami

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16
Q

Usually not felt but can be recorded by seismograph

A

MAGNITUDE 2.5 OR LESS

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17
Q

Often felt, but only causes minor damage

A

MAGNITUDE 2.5 TO 5.4

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18
Q

Slight damage to buildings

A

MAGNITUDE 5.5 TO 6.0

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19
Q

May cause major damage in populated areas

A

MAGNITUDE 6.1 TO 6.9

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20
Q

Major earthquake causing serious damage

A

MAGNITUDE 7.0 TO 7.9

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21
Q

Great earthquake that can totally destroy communities near its epicenter

A

MAGNITUDE 8.0 OR GREATER

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22
Q

the inertia forces resulting from structural displacements are, in turn, influenced by the magnitude of the masses

A

LUMPED MASS APPROACH

23
Q

most effective for a system where the mass is quite uniformly distributed throughout. The deflected shape of the structure is assumed to be expressed as the sum of a series specified displacement patterns

A

GENERALIZED DISPLACEMENT PROCEDURE

24
Q

most efficient for expressing the displacement of arbitrary structural configuration

A

FINITE ELEMENT PROCEDURE

25
Q

the concept that a mass develops an inertia force proportional to its acceleration and opposing it.

A

DIRECT EQUILIBRIUM USING D’ALEMBERT PRINCIPLE

26
Q

if a system which is in equilibrium under the action of a set of forces is subjected to virtual displacement, then the total work done by the forces will be zero

A

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENT

27
Q

the variation of the kinetic and potential energies plus the variation of work done by the non-conservative forces considered during any time interval t1to t2must be equal to zero

A

HAMILTON’S PRINCPLE

28
Q

MODELLING OF STRUCTURES

A

LUMPED MASS APPROACH
GENERALIZED DISPLACEMENT PROCEDURE
FINITE ELEMENT PROCEDURE

29
Q

EQUATIONS OF MOTIONS

A

DIRECT EQUILIBRIUM USING D’ALEMBERT PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENT
HAMILTON’S PRINCPLE

30
Q

the response of a structure to a given dynamic excitation depends on the nature of the excitation and the dynamic characteristics of the structure, i.e., on the manner it stores and dissipates vibrational energy. When seismic excitation is applied to the base of a structure, it produces a time-dependent response in each element.

A

ELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE

31
Q

While structures can be designed to resist severe earthquakes, it is not economically feasible to design buildings to elastically withstand earthquakes of the foreseeable magnitude.

A

INELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE

32
Q

The energy produced in the structure by ground motion is basically dissipated through internal friction within the structural and non-structural members.

A

DAMPING

33
Q

is the result of rotation of an eccentric or a less rigid mass about the basic or the more rigid mass of the building.

A

Torsion

34
Q

BOX

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 1-2

35
Q

INVERTED PYRAMID

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 4-6

36
Q

L-SHAPED BUILDING

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 5-6

37
Q

INVERTED T

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 3-5

38
Q

MULTIPLE SETBACKS

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 2-3

39
Q

OVERHANG

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 4-5

40
Q

PARTIAL SOFT STORY

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 6-7

41
Q

SOFT FIRST FLOOR

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 8-10

42
Q

COMBINATION OF SOFT STORY AND OVERHANG

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 9-10

43
Q

BUILDING ON SLOPING GROUND

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 10

44
Q

THEATERS AND ASSEMBLY HALLS

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 8-9

45
Q

SPORTS STADIUM

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 9-10

46
Q

BOX FLOOR PLAN

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 1

47
Q

RECTANGLE FLOOR PLAN

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 2-4

48
Q

STREET CORNER FLOOR PLAN

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 2-4

49
Q

U-SHAPE FLOOR PLAN

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 5-10

50
Q

COURTYARD IN YARD FLOOR PLAN

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 4

51
Q

L-SHAPE FLOOR PLAN

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 8

52
Q

H-SHAPE FLOOR PLAN

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 5-7

53
Q

COMPLEX FLOOR PLAN

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 8-10

54
Q

CURVED PLAN

A

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY 5-9

4TH YEAR 1ST SEM (5 decks)

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