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GEOL 106 > Earthquakes 1 > Flashcards

Earthquakes 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Earthquake?

A

Shaking (vibration) produced by the rapid release of energy

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2
Q

What does a Earthquake Generate?

A

Seismic waves (travel through Earth)

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3
Q

What is the “Focus”?

A

Point of energy release; radiates out in all directions

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4
Q

What is the “Epicentre”?

A

Point of Earth’s surface directly above the focus

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5
Q

Where do Earthquakes occur?

A

Ring of Fire, Along faults associated with plate boundaries, accur on tectonic plates

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6
Q

is divergent shallow or deep?

A

Shallow

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7
Q

is convergent shallow or deep?

A

Can be shallow to deep

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8
Q

is shallow more or less damage from an Earthquake

A

More Damage

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9
Q

explain how strength of shaking from earthquake decreases?

A

diminishes with increasing distance from focus

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10
Q

what are Intraplate Earthquakes?

A

single plate, far from boundary, typically shallow

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11
Q

what are interplate earthquakes?

A

occur at boundaires between tectonic plates

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12
Q

What is the Earthquake Early Warning System

A

Rapid detection, real-time estimation of shaking hazard
- seconds to tens-of seconfs notice before strong shaking starts (detects energy)

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13
Q

Explain Earthquake magnitude and Frequency

A

The higher the magnitude the lower the frequency

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14
Q

Explain Nepal Earthquake

A

Mw =7.8 (modified mercalli intensity scale)
- Shallow (around 8km)

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15
Q

What is Earthquake Magnitude?

A

measurement of the energy released by an Earthquake
- measures amplitude of seismic waves on seismograph or amount of energy released

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16
Q

What is the Richter Magnitude?

A

based on distance and amplitude or size of largest seismic wave produced during an earthquake (logarithmic and moment magnitude)

17
Q

What is Moment Magnitude?

A

measure of amount of energy released by earthquake
- Logarithmic; more effective for larger earthquakes

18
Q

What do Richter magnitude and Moment magnitude have in common?

A

both are quantitative

19
Q

What’s the difference between Richter Magnitude and Moment Magnitude

A

Richter is based on distance and amplitude, Moment is based on amount of energy released

20
Q

Explain Earthquake Magnitude

A

quantitative measure of amount of energy released at its source
- Earthquake is one magnitude (not variable)

21
Q

Explain Earthquake Intensity

A

Qualitative, amount of shaking, variable (depends on location)

22
Q

What is faulting?

A

A response to stress

23
Q

What is a “Fault”?

A

break between 2 blocks of rocks; blocks can move relative to each other (slowly or rapidly)

24
Q

Within Faulting and Deformation explain the difference between “Elastic” and “Brittle” Deformation

A

Elastic is reversible, Brittle is permenant ruptures

25
Q

explain how rupture occurs?

A

starts at the focus and propagates outwards (produces waves of energy called Seismic Waves)

26
Q

What are the Three types of Faults?

A

Normal Fault, Reverse Fault, Strike-slip Fault

27
Q

Explain Divergent, Convergent, and Transform Boundaries

A
  • Divergent: plates goes opposite directions (left and right)
  • Convergent: Plates going towards each other
  • Transform: One plate up other plate down
28
Q

which type of boundary are normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults?

A
  • Normal: Divergent
  • Reverse: Convergent
  • Strike-Slip: Transform
28
Q

What is Seismic Waves

A

Release of energy along fault

29
Q

what are the three types of seismic waves?

A

P-Wave (primary)(body)
S-Wave (secondary)(body)
R-Wave (Rayleigh)(surface)

30
Q

Explain P-wave

A
  • Compressional waves
  • Arrives first
  • travels through solids, liquids, and gas
31
Q

Explain S-Wave

A
  • Shear waves
  • Arrives second
  • Travel only through a solid
32
Q

Explain Rayleigh Waves

A
  • Surface Waves
  • Arrive after body waves
  • Most damaging of all waves
33
Q

How long is Wave period?

A

10 seconds

34
Q

What is Attenuation?

A

weakening or removal of high-frequency waves
- occurs with increased distance; low frequency waves travel further

35
Q

Why did mexico city recieve so much damage from earthquake?

A

a) low frequency waves affecting tall buildings
b) Material amplification
- subsurface materials respond differently to seismic waves

GEOL 106 (9 decks)

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