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Geology > Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes > Flashcards

Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes Flashcards

For Geological Disasters 112 with Richard Vaughan (72 cards)

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1
Q

Types of EQ faults?

A

dip-slip (move vertical,reverse, or normal)
Strike-slip (moves horizontal)
Thrust (if the angle is 45 degrees or less)
Reverse (if 45 degrees or more)
Blind (do not extend to surface)

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2
Q

What are the EQ hazards?

A 
Ground Motion
Trigger Landslides
Liquefaction
Fires
Permanent Displacement of Ground
Contaminated Water Supply
Panic/Civil Unrest
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3
Q

Can we predict EQs?

A

Nope

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4
Q

What are some ways we can try to predict EQs?

A

Re-occurance Intervals
Mapping Faults
Plates
GPS Measurements of Strain

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5
Q

Which features would you expect to find at an Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundary?

A

Ocean Trench
Volcanic Arcs
Earthquakes

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6
Q

Which Type of Plate Boundary is NOT Associated with EQs?

A

None. They all are.

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7
Q

A Catastrophe is

A

An Event That Kills A lot of People

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8
Q

Intensity

A

Effects Ground Motion on People and Structures

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9
Q

Epicenter

A

The Place on the Surface of the Earth where the Ruptures rocks Broke to Produce an Earthquake

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10
Q

Focus

A

Or Hypo-center
Directly Below the Epicenter
Where the Rapture or Fault Plane Started

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11
Q

Tectonic Creep

A

Gradual Movement of Plates Without Feeling EQs

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12
Q

P-waves

A

Primary, Compression waves
Travels through Solids (fastest), Liquids, or Gas
Fastest

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13
Q

S-Waves

A

Secondary, Shear
Only Travels Through Solid
Up and Down movement
Second to Arrive

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14
Q

Surface Waves

A

Move along Earths Surface (Horizontal and Vertical)

Cause the Most Damage

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15
Q

Two Types of Surface Waves

A

Raleigh (up and down)

Love (Horizontal)

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16
Q

Difference between Seismograph and Seismogram

A

Graph- Draws/ Records

Gram- Records and Measures

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17
Q

The EQ Cycle

A
  1. A fault is a zone of weakness in crust
  2. Strain accumulate across fault for a long time
  3. The fault Ruptures and causes an EQ
  4. Repeat
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18
Q

Which type of Plate Boundary is generally not associated with Volcanoes?

A

Continent-Continent Convergent

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19
Q

The predominant heat transfer mechanism in the atmosphere is

A

Convection

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20
Q

Moment Magnitude

A

The area of Rapture, The amount of movement (slippage), and the rigidity of the rocks near the focus of the EQ

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21
Q

Modified Mercalli Scale

A

Qualitative (how people perceived the EQ)

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22
Q

Faulting is caused by

A

The friction of one plate moving past another

Measured in Mill/Year (slip rate)

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23
Q

Megathrust EQs are

A

Huge and along Subduction Zones

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24
Q

What type of Continental margin are you least likely to have an EQ hazard

A

Passive Margin

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25
Magnitude
The amount of Energy Released
26
Two ways to Identify EQs
Magnitude and Intensity
27
What Causes Tsunamis?
The sudden displacement of a large amount of water Large EQs on Subducting Plates Upward movement of one side of a fault Landslide into water An explosion or Volcanic Eruption (at or near water) Meteorite Impact
28
Tsunami moving away from you
Distant Tsunami
29
Run-up
How far the Tsunami washes onto the shore
30
Wavelength
The Distance between waves
31
Frequency
How fast the Tsunami moves
32
Amplitude
How high the Tsunami is
33
Warning Signs for a Tsunami
``` EQ Shaking (more than 1 minute) Receding of the water on the beach ```
34
Mitigating Tsunami Hazards
``` Detecting Education Structures Walls High Ground ```
35
A Volcano is
A vent at the Earths surface that allows heat and lave (and gasses) to escape. The "stuff" piles up and creates volcanoes
36
What Causes a Volcano?
Increase in Temp Decrease in Pressure Flux Melting (oceanic/water) Mineral Mixtures
37
Decompression at divergent boundaries allows what?
Rocks to melt and rise
38
Decompression at convergent boundaries allows what?
Water to be added to the mix
39
Lava
Rock | Classified Composition and Texture
40
Tephra
Pyroclastic | Stuff is Blasted out
41
Composition
How much Silica and other elements (minerals)
42
Texture
Grains | Slow cooling = Large Crystals
43
High Silica Content
Felsic (light) | Rhyolite
44
Intermediate Silica Content
Intermediate | Andecite
45
Low Silica Content
Mafic (dark) | Basalt
46
Glassy
Obsidian Pumice Scoria
47
Aphanitic
Fine Grained (extrusive)
48
Phaneritic
Coarse Grained
49
Porphyritic
Coarse Grained Surrounded by Fine grained Crystals
50
Vesicular
Full or air Bubbles
51
Glassy
No Crystals form
52
Pyroclastic
Tephra- anything that explossivly comes out of a volcano. | Ash, Lapilli, Cinders, blocks,bombs (in order of size)
53
Gases in Volcanoes
H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S, HF, HCI (in order of most common to least)
54
Viscosity
Resistance to Flow High Silica= High Viscosity High Temp= High Viscosity Amount of dissolved gasses controls how explosive it is (felsic has the most gas)
55
Vent
Opening through which lava erupts
56
Crater
Basin-like depression over a vent at the summit of the volcano
57
Caldera
Depression much larger than original crater having a diameter of at least 1km (collapses)
58
Shield Volcano
``` Largest Volcano Overlapping Free-flowing Lava Low viscosity Spreads out Widely Basalt- Low silica Content Shallow Slopes EX: Kilauea, Hawaii Olympus Mons, Mars ```
59
Composite Volcano
``` Also known as Strata-volcano Alternating Layers of lava flow and pyroclastic flows Steep-Slopes (steeper near peak) Intermediate Composition Common and Explosive EX: Mt Saint Helens ```
60
Volcanic Dome
Highly Viscous Felsic Lava (high silica content) Small but can be explosive Steep-sides and flat top Common Pyroclastic Flows Can form inside strata (composite volcanoes) EX: Mt. Elden and Mt. St. Helens
61
Cinder Cones
Scoria Cones Build up when Tephra (cinders) erupt from a vent and fall back down near the vent. Forms a little cone-shaped mountain EX: Sunset Crater
62
Lava Lakes
A window to the top of a lava chamber
63
Supervolcanoes
Large Caldera forming eruptions
64
Flood Basalt
Larger than a super volcano | Dumps a massive amount of Basalt everywhere
65
Type of Volcanoes produced at Mid-Ocean Ridges and Continental Rifts
Basaltic Magma Flows (Low viscosity) Shield Volcanoes EX: Iceland
66
Types of Volcanoes that form at Subduction Zones
Composite Volcanoes | EX: Cascade Range of Washington, Oregon, and California.
67
Types of volcanoes that form at hot spots beneath the oceans
Shield Volcanoes | EX: Hawaiian volcanoes
68
Types of Volcanoes that form at hot spot beneath the continents
Calderas | EX: Yellowstone national park
69
Hazards of Volcanoes
``` Lava Flows Pyroclastic Activity (Tephera) Pyroclastic Flows ( Avalanches of hot pyroclastic materials such as ash, rock, glass, and gas) Ash Fall Poisonous Gases Lahar Landslides ```
70
What are the natural functions of Volcanoes
``` Volcanic Soils Geothermal Power Mineral Resources Recreation Creation of New land ```
71
Ways to predict a volcano
The measuring of Seismic activity Land surface monitoring Monitoring Volcanic gas emissions Geologic History
72
Volcanic Alert Color Codes
Green- Normal Yellow- Advisory Orange- Watch Red- Warning

Geology (1 decks)

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