Earths resources

Question 1

What are the four main layers of the Earth?

Answer 1

Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

Question 2

How was the Earth formed?

Answer 2

By massive collisions of cosmic gas, dust, and debris

Question 3

What role did gravity play in the formation of the Earth?

Answer 3

Helped to gather gas and dust together

Question 4

What are planetesimals?

Answer 4

Early planets formed from colliding objects

Question 5

What is the approximate depth of the Earth’s crust?

Answer 5

8-65 km

Question 6

What is the composition of the Earth’s outer core?

Answer 6

Liquid iron and nickel

Question 7

What is the composition of the Earth’s inner core?

Answer 7

Solid iron and nickel

Question 8

What are the two types of Earth’s crust?

Answer 8

Oceanic crust and continental crust

Question 9

Describe the oceanic crust.

Answer 9

A thin layer of heavy rock

Question 10

Describe the continental crust.

Answer 10

Made up of lighter rock and forms the continents

Question 11

What is the depth of the outer core?

Answer 11

2220 km

Question 12

What is the depth of the mantle?

Answer 12

2900 km

Question 13

True or False: The crust under the oceans is called the continental crust.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the layer of the Earth that is solid and primarily made of iron and nickel.

Answer 14

Inner Core

Question 15

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a liquid layer made mainly of iron and nickel.

Answer 15

Outer Core

Question 16

What is the total number of main planets formed in the solar system?

Answer 16

Eight

Question 17

What is a constructive boundary?

Answer 17

Plates that are moving in the opposite direction

Question 18

What is a margin plate boundary?

Answer 18

The point where two plates meet

Question 19

What is a destructive boundary / collision boundary

Answer 19

Plates that move towards each other

Question 20

What is a conservative boundary?

Answer 20

Plates that are sliding past each other

Question 21

Explain convection currents

Answer 21

•Heat rises from the core and travels towards the crust, this causes hot and less dense material to rise
•As it nears the crust, this molten material starts to cool and sink back towards the core to be heated again
•This creates a convection current and drives tectonic plates apart

Question 22

What are positives and negatives about geothermal energy

Answer 22

it produces 2000x less carbon
Is renewable
Is sustainable
Can be used for hot water and electricity

Geothermal is restrictive
Has to be harnessed around a plate boundary

Question 23

how is geothermal harnessed?

Answer 23

Hot water in the form of steam is taken from the rocks in the earth
This steam is used to turn a turbine
The generator converts kinetic energy into electrical potential energy
The steam is then cooled into water in a cooling tower
The cold water is then injected back deep in the earth

Question 24

How is extrusive rock formed?

Answer 24

By lava cooling quickly on the surface

Question 25

How is intrusive rock formed?

Answer 25

From magma cooling slowly under the surface

Question 26

3 examples of igneous rock

Answer 26

Pumice Basalt Granite Gabbro

Question 27

3 examples of sedimentary rock

Answer 27

Chalk Clay Limestone Sand stone Shale Coal

Question 28

3 examples of Metamorphic rock

Answer 28

Marble Slate Gneiss Schist

Question 29

If magma cools slowly inside the earth what does it form

Answer 29

Intrusive rock with large crystals

Question 30

If lava cools quickly on the surface what will it turn into

Answer 30

Extrusive rock

Question 31

How are igneous rocks formed

Answer 31

Lava or magma cooling

Question 32

How are sedimentary rocks formed

Answer 32

When sediment or organic material is transported by water wind or ice. Over time pressure from deposits laid on top cause compression and the grains are compacted back into solid rock

Question 33

How are metamorphic rocks made

Answer 33

These rocks have been changed by heat and pressure within the earths interior causing them to change into another type of rock and become hard and resistant to weathering

Question 34

Examples of metamorphic rocks change

Answer 34

Limestone changes to marble

Question 35

What powers the rock cycle

Answer 35

The process of plate tectonics power the rock cycle

Question 36

Explain the rock cycle

Answer 36

•Volcanic eruptions extrude igneous rock onto the surface and in places new land known as volcanic islands are created. •Collision zones where plates converge can thrust rock much was previously underground to significant altitudes via folding and mountain building. •These rocks will be weathered and eroded to form sediment which will be deposited in the sea bed. •In addition the heat from underground magma can heat and reshape sedimentary and igneous rock into metamorphic rock

Question 37

convergent plate boundaries: what is the subduction zone

Answer 37

Subduction zone occurs where continental and oceanic plates converge and the denser oceanic plate moves below the continental plate known as subduction. This also causes crumpling along the edge of the continental plate forming cold mountain chains

Question 38

What happens when the subduction process carries oceanic sediments and sea water down into the mantle

Answer 38

The addition of sediments and seawater lower the melting point of the plate materials, producing magma which has high levels of gas present and is very explosive

Question 39

What happens when a divergent plate boundaries occur below a continent?

Answer 39

A rift valley will form such as the east african rift valley

Question 40

What happens if a divergent plate boundary happens on two oceanic plates?

Answer 40

As the plates move apart the underlying mantle melts forming magma. The magma rises upwards erupting through the crust and filling the gap between the plates creating new oceanic crust

Question 41

What are the main properties of aluminium which make it a key resource? 4 points

Answer 41

•Its soft •Lightweight •non magnetic • excellent conductor of heat and electricity •can be shaped and stretched without breaking •it is also highly reflective which makes it ideal for use in mirrors and heat resistant equipment • is resistant to errosion

Question 42

Where is bauxite found globally?

Answer 42

Bauxite forms in tropical areas around the equator and in tropical regions

Question 43

Describe the process of obtaining aluminium from bauxite ore

Answer 43

•bauxite ore is crushed to yield a white powder known as alumina •The alumina is dissolved in molten cryolite •This is heated to 1,200• so electricity can pass through the liquid in an electrolytic cell. •Electricty is passed through the solution in a process known as electrolysis, allowing the ions in the solution to separate •positive ions are attracted to the negative electrode these sink to the bottom of the tank where it is tapped off. •the liquid metal is allowed to call then can be cast into aluminium blocks

Question 44

2 reasons why the extraction of aluminium is expensive

Answer 44

•Uses a lot of electricity •During the electrolysis process a little piece of carbon gets taken away and the carbon needs replacing every 30 days •electrolysis also produces waste gases such a hydrogen fluoride which needs disposed of

Question 45

How do both rainfall and temperature effect the structure of a soil

Answer 45

Heavy rainfall can leach minerals down through and eventually out of the soil, whereas high rates of evaporation in hot and dry areas can draw minerals to the surface through a process known as capillary action. Temperature also controls rate of weathering and rate of biological activity in organisms such as earthworms and influences the main type of vegetation

Question 46

Main points of brown forest soils

Answer 46

•temperate biome •Deciduous vegetation •Widespread across Britain •Best potential for agriculture •Best drained and most fertile •May require addition of organic matter and nutrients to maintain fertility •Lots of organisms to mix soils •acidic humus •Deep roots systems

Question 47

Describe the main points of podzols

Answer 47

• northern regions of Britain • on top of granite which produces acidic soil when weathered •Infertile, unproductive soil • used for forestry, sheep farming and recreational activities •coniferous vegetation •heavy rainfall causes rapid leaching •distinct layers • less organisms to mix soil due to cold •Iron pan which impedes drainage