EAS 1310 Midterm

Question 1

uses of water

Answer 1

70% agriculture, 30% domestic & industrial

Question 2

what percent of water is freshwater?

Answer 2

3%

Question 3

what percent of water is readily available?

Answer 3

1%

Question 4

freshwater distribution depends on…

Answer 4

climate & latitude

Question 5

what are some pressures on our water?

Answer 5

population growth, living standards, urbanization, climate & most disruptive = climate change

Question 6

what is water sanitation?

Answer 6

water quality

Question 7

what is water stress?

Answer 7

water overuse

Question 8

what other problem is there for water?

Answer 8

hydrological cycle is becoming irregular

Question 9

what was the 1st water management?

Answer 9

dawn of agriculture (civilization - 10,000 ya)

Question 10

why did water management become a problem when civilizations started to settle?

Answer 10

overpopulation, overuse, quality

Question 11

where did civilizations start?

Answer 11

river valleys

Question 12

how was water quality determined for hunters and gatherers?

Answer 12

senses, taste, smell

Question 13

where was the 1st distribution of water?

Answer 13

fertile crescent

Question 14

where was water law founded?

Answer 14

hamurabi code

Question 15

OPEN ENDED QUESTION 1: explain the most important steps in water management

Answer 15

1st water management
1st types of canals or distribution
1st types of filtering
1st concepts of cleanliness
1st agriculture engineers

Question 16

1st water management

Answer 16

started w 1st civilizations in fertile crescent & iran (10,000 ya)

Question 17

1st types of canals or distribution

Answer 17

aquaducts, channels, qanats

Question 18

1st types of filtering

Answer 18

sand & charcoal for the Greeks

Question 19

1st concepts of cleanliness

Answer 19

greeks: foundations & romans: baths

Question 20

1st agriculture engineers

Answer 20

chinese & arabs

Question 21

where was the first water closet?

Answer 21

london

Question 22

what were the first toilets made out of & where?

Answer 22

clay & crete

Question 23

what was the mayans relationship w water?

Answer 23

complex - civilization collapsed when there was a drought & they had to abandon it

Question 24

3 characteristics of water

Answer 24

moderates temperature, retains heat, dissolves/transports nutrients

Question 25

what do people call water?

Answer 25

universal solvent

Question 26

specific heat of water

Answer 26

1 cal/g/C

Question 27

colligative properties

Answer 27

depend on concentration of ions & salinity of water

Question 28

salinity

Answer 28

amount of dissolved solids

Question 29

T or F: water is the only substance that can be found in liquid, solid & gas

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

surface tension

Answer 30

molecules bind, allows for capillary action for water to travel up stems

Question 31

how does capillary action happen?

Answer 31

cohesion & adhesion

Question 32

what is the coldest it can be at bottom of any body of water?

Answer 32

3.98 deg C

Question 33

hydrological cycle

Answer 33

rates of evapo and precip

Question 34

big bang theory

Answer 34

theory of relativity & doppler effect - distance between stars is increasing

Question 35

when was the universe formed?

Answer 35

15 BYA

Question 36

when was earth formed?

Answer 36

4.5 BYA

Question 37

OPEN-ENDED QUESTION 2: where did water come from? and what did it provoke?

Answer 37

appeared 3.7 BYA in the 2ndary atmosphere, produced life in the hydrothermal vents of the ocean

Question 38

how many atmospheres are there?

Answer 38

3: primordial, secondary (has water), modern

Question 39

what is wind?

Answer 39

air from high to low pressure

Question 40

where does energy come from?

Answer 40

the sun

Question 41

T OR F? global heat budget & thermal equilibrium

Answer 41

FALSE

Question 41

T OR F? the greenhouse effect = natural phenomena

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

coriolis effect

Answer 42

deflection of winds right in north and left in south

Question 43

OPEN-ENDED QUESTION 3: why are there rainforests in the west of the ocean basins and deserts in the east?

Answer 43

deserts are in 30 DEG latitude which means HIGH pressure trade winds blow from east to west (rains in water when they hit)

Question 44

what is precipitation?

Answer 44

any water from sky

Question 45

watershed, drainage basins, catchments

Answer 45

waters flows in same direction to same point

Question 46

factors that determine watersheds...

Answer 46

land use, topography, soil type, size & shape

Question 47

underground water types

Answer 47

juvenile (in mantle), meteoric & fossil (sedimentary)

Question 48

which underground water type is readily available?

Answer 48

meteoric

Question 49

acquitards vs. acquifiers

Answer 49

tard: no groundwater fiers: groundwater

Question 50

T OR F? Confined aquifer is overused it can produce a sink hole

Answer 50

TRUE

Question 51

source of rivers

Answer 51

surface, groundwater

Question 52

how are rivers produced?

Answer 52

overwash, downcutting, channel formation then river

Question 53

functions of rivers

Answer 53

lowers temperature, transports nutrients, reduces floods, increases biodiversity, increases water quality

Question 54

types of rivers

Answer 54

straight, braided, anastomosing, meandering

Question 55

longest river

Answer 55

nile

Question 56

most abundant river

Answer 56

amazon

Question 57

T OR F? All continents have rivers.

Answer 57

FALSE

Question 58

do dams have environmental impacts?

Answer 58

YES

Question 59

vertical mixing

Answer 59

brings nutrients to the surface

Question 60

Eutropication events

Answer 60

too many nutrients - fish kills

Question 61

OPEN-ENDED QUESTION 4: why are aquatic environments important to conserve?

Answer 61

formed by streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands different in latitude they're diff in diff latitudes functions of them: areas of recharge into groundwater impacts: dredging & damning example of good quality river: Manzanares

Question 62

permaculture

Answer 62

create self-sufficient ecosystems by mimicking the patterns and relationships found in nature