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Psychology A2 > Eating Behaviour > Flashcards

Eating Behaviour Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Food preference

A

way in which we choose from available foods

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2
Q

Neophobia

A

extreme dislike/avoidance of anything new/unfamiliar

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3
Q

Taste aversion

A

Learned response to eating toxic foods resulting in avoidance of that food in future
Genetically programmed to learn response quickly
Innate aversion to bitter foods - sign of toxins

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4
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone released in stomach to stimulate hypothalamus to increase appetite
Reach certain point - arcuate nucleus signals LH to secrete NPY - turn on eating

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5
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone produced by fat tissue and secreted into blood where it travels to the brain and decreases appetite
Binds to hypothalamus - counteracts NPY effects - reduces hunger
Increase sympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

eating disorder where despite being underweight, fear may become obese therefore engage in self starvation

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7
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter implicated in aggression, eating behaviour, sleep and depression

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8
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter effecting motivation and drive

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9
Q

Limbic system

A

system of structures lying beneath cortex associated with emotional behaviour

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining constant internal environment despite changes in internal and external factors via negative feedback

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11
Q

Enmeshment

A

Extreme form of proximity and intensity
Family impinges on each others privacy
Lack of boundaries
Self identities all tied up

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12
Q

Autonomy

A

Due to enmeshed family, can’t become independent and develop autonomy
Try to assert independence by refusing to eat

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13
Q

Irrational beliefs

A

beliefs that are unhelpful, illogical and inconsistent with our social reality

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14
Q

Restraint theory

A

attempting to restrain eating actually increases the probability of overeating

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15
Q

Habitual disinhibition

A

Tendency to overeat in response to daily life circumstances

Most common for weight gain - opportunistic eating

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16
Q

EEA

A

environment of evolutionary adaptation - african savannah

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17
Q

Preference for sweetness

A

Sugar is quick energy release - hunting

Fructose from ripe fruit

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18
Q

Steiner (1977)

A

Sugar on tongues of newborns
Observed positive facial expressions
Can distinguish between different types of sugar

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19
Q

Preference for salt

A

essential for cell function

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20
Q

Harris et al (1990)

A

Breastfed babies still preferred salted rather than unsalted cereal
Suggests salt preference is innate

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21
Q

Preference for fat

A

Not often readily available for ancestors

Preference for high calorie foods be adaptive - energy for survival

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22
Q

Food neophobia

A

Natural occurring reaction protects animals from poison

Occurs between 2 - 6 years - explore independently

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23
Q

Gracia et al (1955)

A

Rats made ill with radiation shortly after eating saccharin

Developed aversion to saccharin

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24
Q

Role of learning in food preference

A

Learn what’s good to eat as a result of:
Social influences - parental and peer
Cultural influence - media and norms

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25
Birch et al (1984)
Children rewarded for eating certain foods: Preference for food used as reward increases Decreases preferences for food they didn't want to eat
26
Role of learning - Parents
Operant conditioning - children rewarded for eating certain foods Social learning theory: Adaptive as ensures children eating safe foods as other eating them Parents modelling food preferences
27
Brown and Ogden (2004)
Consistent correlations between parents and childs snack food intake
28
Role of learning - Peers
Social learning theory - modelling
29
Greenhalgh et al (2009)
``` Children exposed to positive modelling (by peers), more likely to try these foods themselves Negative modelling (by peers), less likely to try these foods ```
30
Birch (1980)
4 lunches in a row, children seated next to child who preferred different vegetable Change in vegetable preference at 4 week follow up - long lasting change
31
Role of learning - media
Learn about healthy eating | What is affordable and available implements this learning
32
Role of learning - cultural norms
Different attitudes to what constitutes as proper meal Differences in what part of animal to eat Culture provides context for what is normal to eat
33
Glucose in producucing hunger
Glucose falls - hunger increases Hypothalamus detects glucose fluctuations Glucose levels controlled by insulin and glucagon
34
Too much glucose
Pancreas releases insulin - glucose drawn into cells
35
Too little glucose
Pancreas releases glucagon - gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
36
Dual-centre model of eating
Lateral hypothalamus | Ventromedial hypothalamus
37
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Lesioning - aphagia (lack of eating) Stimulation - seek food even if just eaten Hunger centre Activated by NPY neurotransmitter in hypothalamus when glucose level fall (Reynolds and Wickens - injected rats)
38
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
Lesioning - Hyperphagia (over-eating) Stimulation - Not hungry even if starving Satiety centre Glucose too high - VMH triggered - LH activity inhibited
39
Biological explanations for AN
run in families
40
Family studies - AN
First-degree relative of sufferer greater chance oh having AN Increased risk of developing other eating disorders - inherit general vulnerability
41
Thornton et al
Twin study of AN | moderate to high heritability
42
Wade et al
Heritability rate 58% | Some have genetic predisposition for developing AN
43
Klump et al
Studies adopted sibling pairs (share environment) and biological sibling pairs (different environment) Heritability ranged from 59% to 82% when not sharing same environment High genetic factor
44
Bailer and Kaye (2011)
Low level of serotonin breakdown product if serenely ill with AN Return to normal after short-term weight recovery Increase beyond normal after recovery Dysregulated in AN
45
Attia et al (2014)
Study underweight AN patients and those recovered to normal weight Use drugs to stimulate serotonin activity Underweight patients respond less to drugs Dysregulated in AN
46
Kaye et al (1991)
Low dopamine breakdown product in AN patients and recovered patients
47
Kaye et al (2005)
PET scan of recovered patients and healthy people Overactivity where dopamine plays role in interpreting reward Alters association between food and pleasure Explains why AN patients don't experience pleasure when eating
48
Lipsman et al (2015)
Suggest dysfunction in limbic system Normally regulate emotion Leads to problems processing emotional stimuli Leads to thoughts and behaviours in AN
49
Family systems theory
Consider family as whole unit
50
Psychosomatic family - Minuchin at el (1978)
Family is dysfunctional Result in range of psychological disorders Specific dysfunction in families of AN sufferers Treatment must change way whole family functions
51
Enmeshment results in
Parents over-emotionally involved with children but are dismissive of their emotional needs Inhibits development of social skills Child struggles to assert independence Autonomy
52
Control and overprotection
Family members nurture each other obsessively Leaves no room for independence Refuse to eat to show control Mothers may sacrifice own need for child - blame child when things go wrong
53
Rigidity
Lack of flexibility No flexibility to become independent Lead to dysfunctional behaviour Turn to abnormal eating to assert independence
54
Lack of conflict resolutions
No resolution of problems leading to constant state of unresolved conflict Anorexic refuses to eat and family refuses to address problem
55
Social learning theory - AN
Imitate models on eating behaviours
56
Maternal role models
Mother-daughter relationships particularly important | Mother 'model' weight impacts daughter
57
Peer influences
Seeking approval and fitting in with peers | Teasing can lead to concerns on eating and weight
58
Media influences
Media provides symbolic models and is powerful transmitter of cultural ideas and body shape and size
59
Beck
``` Cognitive theory - AN Way info is processed effects feelings and behaviour Schema organise and process info Schema can distort reality Lead to emotional disorders ```
60
Distortions
Errors in thinking Arise from comparison with others Result in misperception of being overweight Try to lose weight - AN
61
Williamson et al (1993)
37 AN patients and 95 control Estimate current body size and ideal body size AN patients less accurate in body size - overestimate AN patients have thinner ideals
62
Irrational beliefs
All or nothing - if not fat, thin Catastrophising - eat 1/2 biscuit, no will power at all Must be thin for others to like me Perfectionism - must meet demanding standard in all area of life (these goals spiral upwards)
63
Garner and Bemis - development of AN
Individual characteristics - High achieving perfectionist, introvert, self doubt Cultural ideals - thinness, importance of body weight Irrational beliefs - losing weight reduces stress, more attractive to others Outcomes of social isolation - Reduce chance of seeing thinking as abnormal New found attitude - Weight and thinness judge of self worth Feelings resulting from weight loss - positive feelings, more likely to continue
64
Fairburn et al (2003)
Transdiognostic model Different eating disorders have more in common than what differentiated them Must consider common features - core psychopathology
65
Transdiognostic model
Overestimation of body weight Overemphasis on appearance Overemphasis on self-control Self esteem determined by weight and appearance
66
Maintenance of transdiagnostic model
Restriction of food maintained by: Feelings of self control Physiological effects of starvation perceived as loss of control Focus on weight leads to constantly checking - more restriction
67
Maes et al (1997)
Meta-analysis of twin studies Heritability of estimates for BMI - 74%MZ 32%DZ Suggests genetic
68
Stunkard (1990)
Even reared apart, MZ more alike in BMI and DZ | Suggests genetic
69
Stunkard et al (1986)
540 adoptees, adoptive parents and biological parents Strong relationship between weight of adoptees and biological parents Suggests genetic
70
Neural explanation for obesity
Dysfunction in VMH may result in obesity Disruption in leptin signalling
71
Reeves and Plum (1969)
Postmortem of obese woman VMH destroyed VMH controls stopping eating - can't do this if damaged
72
Bates and Myers (2003)
Disrupting leptin signalling in hypothalamus results in obesity
73
Thrifty gene hypothesis
Feast or famine Those who gorged when food available held fate for when food scarce Increase survival so passed on Maladaptive - promote fat storage for famine that never comes
74
Herman and Polivy (1975)
created restraint theory to explain the cause and consequence linked with cognitive restriction of food intake
75
Herman and Mack
Suggest trying not to eat increases probability of over eating
76
Restraint theory - Cognitive control
Person puts restraints on themselves Must actively think about what to eat and when Always thinking about food
77
Restraint theory - Paradoxical outcome
Become more obsessed with for as always thinking about it Ignore physiological signals Signals become disinhibited - overeat as don't feel full
78
Boundary model - Herman and Polivy (1984)
Hunger keeps food intake above certain minimum Satiety keeps intake below maximum Between hungry and satiated - psychology has impact Energy level below certain point - biological processes make us feel hungry Eating until full creates discomfort - make us stop eating Between hunger and satiety, cognitive and social factors ahem greatest influence on food intake
79
Herman and Mack
Compared dieters and non-dieters Non-dieters - eat less ice cream if already had milkshake Dieters - eat less ice cream if not had milkshake eat lots of ice cream if had milkshake All or nothing
80
Emotional disinhibition
Tendency to overeat in repsonse to emotional states (anxiety, depression)
81
Situational disinhibition
tendency to overeat in response to specific environmental cues (social occasions)
82
Hedonic eating - success and failure of dieting
Conflicting goals so one will interfere with the other Dieters sensitive to pleasurable qualities of food Increased thought of food These thoughts inhibit access to thoughts on controlling eating
83
Stroebe (2008)
Dieters find it difficult to stick to diets as more sensitive to the hedonic (pleasurable properties of food)
84
Ironic processes theory - success and failure of dieting
Paradoxical outcome of suppressing thought makes it more likely Forbidden foods stand out more
85
Detail - success and failure of dieting | Redden (2008)
Suggests paying attention to what is vein eaten helps maintain diet More you do something, less you like it Less likely to stick to diet regime Focusing on detail rather than just salad stops them betting bored
86
Redden (2008)
135 people 22 jelly beans each Must eat one at a time Group 1 - saw 'bean 1' Group 2 - saw 'bean 7 - cherry' Group 1 bored faster Group 2 had detail Stick to diet if have detail

Psychology A2 (3 decks)

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