Eating Behaviour Flashcards
(33 cards)
Mennella
children who preferred sweet solutions over salty ones were tall for their age
makes sense for evolution in EEA as children who sought out more calories were likely to grow and more likely to survive
Garcia et al
studied taste aversion 1st
rats who had been made ill through radiation shortly after eating saccharin developed an aversion to it and very quickly associated illness with the saccharin
Brown and Ogden
reported consistent correlations between parents and their children in terms of snack food intake, eating motivations and body dissatisfaction
Birch
showed how exposure to another child could change food preferences
four consecutive lunchtimes, children were seated next to other children who preferred a different vegetable to the one they preferred
at end of 4 days these children showed a change in their vegetables preference that was still there after a follow-up several weeks later
Macltyre et al
the media have a major impact on what people eat and their attitude to food
many eating behaviours are limited by personal circumstances - age income, family
Maguire at el
in the UK, the number of takeaway restaurants has risen by 45% in the last 18 years
Stanley et al
repeated injections of NPY into rats caused obesity in just a few days
STROBER ET AL
research shows eating disorders (AN) run in families
1st degree relative of individuals with AN have 10x greater lifetimes risk of having AN (STROBER ET AL)
Wade et al (twins AN)
interviewed over 2000 female MZ and DZ twins evaluating using DSM criteria for AN
claimed heritability rate of AN = 58%
Klump et al (Adoption studies)
studied 123 adopted siblings pars and 56 biological sibling pairs
due to relatively low prevalence of AN disordered symptoms were assessed instead
there heritability estimates range from 59% - 82% for the different aspects of disordered eating with non-shared environmental factors
Serotonin (BAILER ET AL)
measured serotonin activity in women recovering from either restricting-type anorexia or binge-eating/purging types
they were compared with healthy controls
significantly higher serotonin activity in the women recovering form the binge-eating/purging type compared to the other two groups
highest levels of serotonin activity in women who showed most anxiety suggesting that persistent disruption of serotonin levels may lead to increased anxiety
Dopamine (Kaye et al)
used PET scan to compare dopamine activity in the brains of 10 women recovering from AN and 12 healthy women
In AN = overactivity of dopamine receptors in a part of the brain known as the basal ganglia
Limbic System dysfunction (Lipsman at al)
neural roots of AN appear to be related to a dysfunction in the limbic system in the brain specifically the subcallosal cingulate and the insular cortex
dysfunction in these areas (normal function =emotion regulation) can lead to deficits in emotional processing
which lead to the pathological thought and behaviours which are typical of AN
Minuchin et al
the ‘psychosomatic’ family
necessity for development of AN = a dysfunctional family along with a physiological vulnerability in the child
the aim of treatment is to fix the family
includes: Enmeshment, autonomy and control also rigidity and lack of conflict resolution
Barber and Buehler (enmeshment)
enmeshment stifles the development of child’s ability to deal with common social stressors and makes development of AN much more likely
Minuchin et al
The child’s involvement in the psychosomatic family
identified three characteristic patterns of conflict-related behaviours which involve the child
1) Triangulation
2) Parent-child coalition
3) Detouring
Bandura
Social learning theory and AN
people learn by observing the behaviours of others as well as observing the outcome of that behaviour
will produce similar outcomes if the perceived behaviour gains positive outcomes
Hill et al (AN)
found similarities between mothers’ and daughters/ restraint and dieting behaviours among children as young as 10
Peer influences (eisenberg et al)
us study which found that dieting amongst friends was significantly related to unhealthy weight control behaviours eg. use of pills or purging
Peer influences Jones and Crawford)
overweight girls and underweight boys were most likely to be teased by their peers
shows that through teasing peers enforce gender-based ideals
Peer influences (Gravener et al)
examined association between peer dieting and drive for thinness in over 2000 men and women of 3 age categories
found significant associations between perceived peer dieting and a drive for thinness in both men and women
women = strongest in late adolescence and for same-sex peers
men = association meant nothing
Button et al (Media influence)
girls with low self esteem at 11-12 were a significantly great risk of developing an eating disorder at 15-17
A cognitive behavioural model of AN (Garner and Bemis)
Anorexia patients have characteristics in common
typically, high-achieving perfectionists, introverted and often full of self-doubt
coupled with exposure to cultural ideals of thinness - leads to focus on weight and shape
as a result - AN individuals develop irrational belief that losing weight will reduce distress
losing weight becomes self reinforcing due to sense of achievement
once importance of being thin = established focus on eating develops
develops into fear of food and weight gain which leads to avoidance of food
Fairburn et al (the transdiagnostic model)
AN in maintained by 3 characteristics
1) an enhanced sense of self-control leads to increased self esteem
2) the physiological and psychological changes they experiences as a result of their starvation are perceived as being in control which leads to them being intensified
3) due to focus on weight and appearance - individual increased self monitoring of weight any weight gain or loss perceived as too slow leads to increased efforts to restrict
