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Flashcards in eating disorder causes + maintenance Deck (24)
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1
Q

define eating disorders

A

persistent disturbance of eating behaviour intended to control weight

2
Q

how are they diagnosed?

A
  • ICD follows DSM

- BMI (weight/height2) - healthy generally 19-25 h/e athletes are usually heavier bc muscle mass/ethnicity/age/gender

3
Q

anorexia nervosa diagnosis

A
  • persistent restriction of energy intake–>low body weight
  • intense fear of/behaviours to prevent gaining weight
  • disturbance in way body weight/shape experienced
  • subtypes: restricting, binge-eating/purging
  • ballerinas sanctioned to be underweight
  • <17.5 BMI
4
Q

bulimia nervosa

A
  • recurrent episodes of binge eating, lack of control
  • recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain (vomiting/laxatives/diuretics/excessive exercise)
  • self-evaluation influenced by body shape/weight
  • doesn’t occur exclusively during anorexic episodes
5
Q

binge-eating disorder

A
  • recurrent episodes of binge eating, lack of control
  • eating til uncomfortably full, large amounts, eating alone, feeling depressed after
  • bingeing at least once a week for 3 months
  • no compensatory behaviours
  • trouble accessing services
6
Q

other specified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED)

A
  • many symptoms of other disorders but don’t meet full criteria for diagnosis
  • atypical anorexia: despite sig weight loss, weight still in ‘normal’ range
  • atypical bulimia: low freq/limited duration
  • atypical binge-eating: low freq/limited duration
  • purging disorder
  • night eating syndrome
7
Q

avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

A

-children/young people
-disturbance in eating/feeding - nutritional deficiency, dependence on supplements, weight gain/loss
-‘fussy eaters’
-treatments are behavioural- focus on anxiety
3 types:
-sensory-based avoidance: refuse based on smell/texture/colour/presentation
-lack of interest: in consuming food
-food associated with fear-evoking stimuli

8
Q

are diagnoses needed?

A
  • fairburn et al 2003: diagnosis of specific eating disorders doesn’t do what it should: 40-50% cases don’t fit diagnoses, atypical group are largest, doesn’t indicate best treatment
  • shift to transdiagnostic model
9
Q

co-morbid psychological problems

A
  • anxiety: OCD, social anxiety
  • depressed mood: low serotonin
  • personality disorder: anxiety + impulsivity based
  • alcohol + substance use
10
Q

complications from eating disorders

A
  • cardiac
  • muscular weakness
  • osteoporosis
  • liver damage
  • oseophageal tearing
  • fainting
11
Q

epidemiology

A

the study/analysis of distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in population

12
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases in set window of time, number of people at risk of it

13
Q

prevalence

A

number of current cases/number of people who have had problem in the past in a certain time period

14
Q

what are the prevalence rates for ED?

A

-750,000 cases in UK
-1% of pop
-generally young, female (14-30 years)
in young female population:
-anorexia - 0.3%
-bulimia - 1%
-other cases - 2-3%

15
Q

why can’t just medical records be used to know prevalence rates?

A
  • GPs aren’t perfect at spotting cases
  • more awareness is causing higher rates
  • westernisation is related to increasing identification
  • curaco study: more cases among non-whites in recent years
  • fiji study: clear link to intro of western media, TV and social network based exposure
16
Q

theories of causation

A

-sociocultural + neurobiological: abuse, parental mood/eating etc
h/e evidence weak, lack longitudinal data
neurobiological factors unclear e.g. genetics, hypothalamic damage preventing hunger?

17
Q

what are the theories of maintenance?

A
  • cognitive patterns
  • safety behaviours
  • emotional factors
  • perceptual factors
  • social factors
18
Q

cognitive patterns

A

low self-esteem, perfectionism have self-maintaining cycle e.g. low self-esteem don’t look for positive things about self
2 central beliefs:
-broken cog link between eating and weight
-overvaluation: appearance and weight as defining ourselves as being acceptable to people

19
Q

safety behaviours

A
  • behaviours that calm us temporarily

- long-term consequence makes us feel worse so we do it again to calm down

20
Q

emotional factors

A
  • anxiety biggest emotional maintaining and triggering emotion for eating problems
  • depression is consequence
  • impact from anger/loneliness/boredom
21
Q

perceptual factors

A
  • perceptual distortions
  • see themselves 25-30% larger than they are
  • misperceive weight
22
Q

social factors

A
  • social pressure to be thin/muscly in western culture

- fashion mags/social media

23
Q

how are behaviours formulated?

A
  • done with individual to normalise what they do- identifies risk
  • triggers
  • setting conditions
24
Q

how are cases formulated?

A
  • a way of understanding the functions
  • ABC model: antecedents, behaviours and consequences, focus on feedback loops that maintain problem
  • fairburn et al 2003 model is complex and evidence is weak
  • useful models e.g. slade 1982
  • central role of control
  • stress on maintenance elements