Eating or weight related issues

Question 1

weight stigma

Answer 1

negative attitudes held towards people that are over weight or obese

subsequent prejudice or descrimination

Question 2

obesity in the uk

Answer 2

2/3 are OW or OB
1/5 at reception level
1/3 in year 6

Question 3

Harrison et al (2016)

Answer 3

weight stigma in children
children were read 1 of 3 story books

1) alfie is a normal weight
2) alfie has disabilities
3) alfie is overweight
- thomas is always normal weight

when alfie was overweight he was rated as less likely to win a race and to have fewer friends
42/43 chose to be friends with Thomas

Question 4

Cramer and Stienweight (1998)

Answer 4

3, 4 and 5 yo
average and thin characters selected as ‘nicer’
all children showed weight bias (as young as 3)

Question 5

teasing and bullying

Answer 5

71% of boys enrolled in weight loss programs reported being bullied

Question 6

psychological health

Answer 6

weight related teasing = lower self esteem, lower body image, higher depressive symptoms

2x more likely to think about suicide

Question 7

academic performance

Answer 7

avoid school

teachers rated OW children as academically worse

Question 8

Geil et al (2010)

Answer 8

weight stigma on adults
major source of discrimination and prejudice
less likely to be offered jobs, managerial roles, be well paid or promoted
women more than men

Question 9

Nickson et al (2010)

Answer 9

impact of body weight on recruiters
imagined they were recruiting someone for customer and non customer facing roles

subtle BMI changes has an effect on customer facing roles
greater for female faces

Question 10

health care - physical environment

Answer 10

blood pressure cuffs too small
weighing scales
waiting room chairs

unintended humiliation

Question 11

bias in psychologists

Answer 11

OW p’s less likely to be compliant, have more severe psychological symptoms and provided worse prognosis

Question 12

Schwartz et al (2003)

Answer 12

people in health care
OB rated as more lazy, stupid and worthless (explicit)
P’s were more likely to pair OW patients with negative attributes

Question 13

impact on health (direct)

Answer 13

increased cortisol and blood pressure - LT issues
avoid and delay using health care
judged by professionals - less likely to attend or follow instructions

Question 14

impact on health (indirect)

Answer 14

weight stigma - increase in food and less exercise

Question 15

Shvey et al (2011)

Answer 15

women (overweight vs not overweight)
watched stigmatising video or neutral
then provided snacks

3X greater food intake in OW after watching stigmatising video

Question 16

Gudzine et al (2014)

Answer 16

self report measure - online survey
rated the extent to which their GP negatively judged their weight
asked how many times they had attempted weight loss

negatively judged = less attempts

Question 17

attribution of causality

Answer 17

blame is attributed to OW individuals (perceived to be lazy and undisciplined)

Question 18

DeJong (1993)

Answer 18

P’s watched a video of normal or OW person
half were told that it was due to a glandular disorder
(internal Vs external attributions)

internal = more self indulging, less disciplined
external = ratings did not differ

Question 19

Kushner et al (2014)

Answer 19

patient training role playing scenarios
receive feedback
4-6 times
students rated explicit attitudes pre and post training
negativly stereotyping significantly reduced
effect diminished after 1 year

based only on explicit measures

Question 20

enacted stigma

Answer 20

behaviours that eminate from negative attitudes

Question 21

impact on providers

Answer 21

see OW as less adherent so 
engage in less communication
have less respect 
different time allocations
over attribute problems to weight

Question 22

impact on patients

Answer 22

identity threat
stereotype threat
felt stigma

Question 23

identity threat

Answer 23

feel devalued due to social identity

Question 24

stereotype threat

Answer 24

viewed as a member of stigmatised group

Question 25

felt stigma

Answer 25

expectation of poor treatment

Question 26

social facilitation eating

Answer 26

people tend to eat more in large groups

Question 27

DeCastro and DeCastro (1989)

Answer 27

filled out a food diary recording the food they eat and what they drink more people present, greater the food intake (44%)

Question 28

Clendenen (1994)

Answer 28

eating solo, in pairs and in groups of 4 (friends) | more friends = more calorie intake

Question 29

time extension theory

Answer 29

increased time to eat

Question 30

arousal

Answer 30

increased HR in groups

Question 31

distraction

Answer 31

distracts us from goals when with others

Question 32

modelling

Answer 32

we eat the amount that others eat

Question 33

Pilner and Chaiken (1990)

Answer 33

when confederates eat more, so does P both males and females eat less food when with the opposite sex (attractive) self presentation

Question 34

self presentation

Answer 34

impression formation (feminine social identity)

Question 35

perceived social norms

Answer 35

descriptive - perceptions of what other people do | injunctive - perceptions of what others approve of

Question 36

Robinson, Fleming and higgins (2014)

Answer 36

given descriptive social norms (advert) or health based message high consumers of veg dont differ between messages low consumers of veg eat significantly more when given descriptive norm message

Question 37

Thomas et al (2017)

Answer 37

descriptive based messages in restaurants significant increase in purchasing of vegetables 7% looking at sales data

Question 38

injunctive norms

Answer 38

Stoke et al (2014) descriptive, injunctive or control message self report of fruit intake next day ``` injunctive = no effect descriptive = significant increase ```

Question 39

dynamic norms

Answer 39

perception of other peoples behaviours changing overtime | e.g. salt reduction, being exposed to health based messages

Question 40

sparkman and walton (2017)

Answer 40

``` dynamic norm about meat intake static norm (control) vs dynamic ``` dynamic norm = interest to reduce meat

Question 41

explanations and limitations of social norms

Answer 41

inform about appropriate portion size

Question 42

limitations

Answer 42

durability (all studies ST) lab studies (demand characteristics) uncertain situation sample (young females)

Question 43

individual differences in social influence

Answer 43

``` modelling high need for social acceptance (low self esteem, high empathy) body weight (greater modelling if same weight) in vs outgroup = opposite behaviour to outgroup. ```

Question 44

obesity and social inequality

Answer 44

63% of adults obese costs 27 billion 2x more likely in low SES groups

Question 45

SES and diet quality

Answer 45

associated with fewer fruits and vegetables and higher fatty foods

Question 46

SES and weight loss attempts

Answer 46

``` Wardle and Griffith (2001) less weight loss attempts monitor weight loss attempts fewer restrictive dietry habits greater body weight misconceptions (less likely to call themselves overweight) ```

Question 47

Relton et al (2014)

Answer 47

survey of 27,806 adults higher SES more likely to use a slimming club low SES more likely to use medication and tend to skip meals

Question 48

reasons for SES difference

Answer 48

nutrient rich foods are more expensive cheap and easy knowledge about nutrition proximal environment (more fast food outlets)

Question 49

food scarcity, SES and intake | Life-History theory

Answer 49

harsh environments = eat when we can (bodies become adapted) | eat when food is available

Question 50

Hill et al (2016)

Answer 50

fasted then given sprite or water | high SES - ate less cookies after sprite compared to lowSES

Question 51

SES and stress (Cardel et al, 2016)

Answer 51

manipulated high and low status using monopoly | low SES = more stress and more food intake

Question 52

social comparison theory

Answer 52

can make comparisons to others upwards comparisons = can be inspiring, but if too high can have opposite effects perceived relative depression = perception of SES relative to others

Question 53

Sim et al (2017)

Answer 53

manipulated perceived relative wealth | more deprived = bigger portion size

Question 54

Cheon et al (2017) - Sim replication

Answer 54

low SES consumed more energy

Question 55

ego depletion

Answer 55

self regulation requires energy difficult decisions = energy low SES may face more difficult decisions - buy cheap easy food prompted by the environment

Question 56

food labels | Crockett et al (2014)

Answer 56

no labels, low fat labels, high fat labels High SES = no effect low SES = when concerned about losing weight the no label resulted in higher consumptions of popcorn

Question 57

issues investigating SES

Answer 57

hasn't been studied much | hard to gain low SES P's

Question 58

Ahern et al (2014)

Answer 58

recruitment issues invitation for trial sent by GP high SES = 8.5% low SES = 4.9% even when you have low SES P's, hard to retain