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PSY246 > Eating or weight related issues > Flashcards

Eating or weight related issues Flashcards

1
Q

weight stigma

A

negative attitudes held towards people that are over weight or obese

subsequent prejudice or descrimination

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2
Q

obesity in the uk

A

2/3 are OW or OB
1/5 at reception level
1/3 in year 6

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3
Q

Harrison et al (2016)

A

weight stigma in children
children were read 1 of 3 story books

1) alfie is a normal weight
2) alfie has disabilities
3) alfie is overweight
- thomas is always normal weight

when alfie was overweight he was rated as less likely to win a race and to have fewer friends
42/43 chose to be friends with Thomas

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4
Q

Cramer and Stienweight (1998)

A

3, 4 and 5 yo
average and thin characters selected as ‘nicer’
all children showed weight bias (as young as 3)

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5
Q

teasing and bullying

A

71% of boys enrolled in weight loss programs reported being bullied

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6
Q

psychological health

A

weight related teasing = lower self esteem, lower body image, higher depressive symptoms

2x more likely to think about suicide

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7
Q

academic performance

A

avoid school

teachers rated OW children as academically worse

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8
Q

Geil et al (2010)

A

weight stigma on adults
major source of discrimination and prejudice
less likely to be offered jobs, managerial roles, be well paid or promoted
women more than men

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9
Q

Nickson et al (2010)

A

impact of body weight on recruiters
imagined they were recruiting someone for customer and non customer facing roles

subtle BMI changes has an effect on customer facing roles
greater for female faces

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10
Q

health care - physical environment

A

blood pressure cuffs too small
weighing scales
waiting room chairs

unintended humiliation

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11
Q

bias in psychologists

A

OW p’s less likely to be compliant, have more severe psychological symptoms and provided worse prognosis

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12
Q

Schwartz et al (2003)

A

people in health care
OB rated as more lazy, stupid and worthless (explicit)
P’s were more likely to pair OW patients with negative attributes

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13
Q

impact on health (direct)

A

increased cortisol and blood pressure - LT issues
avoid and delay using health care
judged by professionals - less likely to attend or follow instructions

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14
Q

impact on health (indirect)

A

weight stigma - increase in food and less exercise

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15
Q

Shvey et al (2011)

A

women (overweight vs not overweight)
watched stigmatising video or neutral
then provided snacks

3X greater food intake in OW after watching stigmatising video

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16
Q

Gudzine et al (2014)

A

self report measure - online survey
rated the extent to which their GP negatively judged their weight
asked how many times they had attempted weight loss

negatively judged = less attempts

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17
Q

attribution of causality

A

blame is attributed to OW individuals (perceived to be lazy and undisciplined)

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18
Q

DeJong (1993)

A

P’s watched a video of normal or OW person
half were told that it was due to a glandular disorder
(internal Vs external attributions)

internal = more self indulging, less disciplined
external = ratings did not differ
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19
Q

Kushner et al (2014)

A

patient training role playing scenarios
receive feedback
4-6 times
students rated explicit attitudes pre and post training
negativly stereotyping significantly reduced
effect diminished after 1 year

based only on explicit measures

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20
Q

enacted stigma

A

behaviours that eminate from negative attitudes

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21
Q

impact on providers

A 
see OW as less adherent so 
engage in less communication
have less respect 
different time allocations
over attribute problems to weight
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22
Q

impact on patients

A

identity threat
stereotype threat
felt stigma

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23
Q

identity threat

A

feel devalued due to social identity

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24
Q

stereotype threat

A

viewed as a member of stigmatised group

25
Q

felt stigma

A

expectation of poor treatment

26
Q

social facilitation eating

A

people tend to eat more in large groups

27
Q

DeCastro and DeCastro (1989)

A

filled out a food diary recording the food they eat and what they drink
more people present, greater the food intake (44%)

28
Q

Clendenen (1994)

A

eating solo, in pairs and in groups of 4 (friends)

more friends = more calorie intake

29
Q

time extension theory

A

increased time to eat

30
Q

arousal

A

increased HR in groups

31
Q

distraction

A

distracts us from goals when with others

32
Q

modelling

A

we eat the amount that others eat

33
Q

Pilner and Chaiken (1990)

A

when confederates eat more, so does P
both males and females eat less food when with the opposite sex (attractive)

self presentation

34
Q

self presentation

A

impression formation (feminine social identity)

35
Q

perceived social norms

A

descriptive - perceptions of what other people do

injunctive - perceptions of what others approve of

36
Q

Robinson, Fleming and higgins (2014)

A

given descriptive social norms (advert) or health based message
high consumers of veg dont differ between messages
low consumers of veg eat significantly more when given descriptive norm message

37
Q

Thomas et al (2017)

A

descriptive based messages in restaurants
significant increase in purchasing of vegetables

7% looking at sales data

38
Q

injunctive norms

A

Stoke et al (2014)
descriptive, injunctive or control message
self report of fruit intake next day

injunctive = no effect
descriptive = significant increase
39
Q

dynamic norms

A

perception of other peoples behaviours changing overtime

e.g. salt reduction, being exposed to health based messages

40
Q

sparkman and walton (2017)

A 
dynamic norm about meat intake
static norm (control) vs dynamic

dynamic norm = interest to reduce meat

41
Q

explanations and limitations of social norms

A

inform about appropriate portion size

42
Q

limitations

A

durability (all studies ST)
lab studies (demand characteristics)
uncertain situation
sample (young females)

43
Q

individual differences in social influence

A 
modelling
high need for social acceptance (low self esteem, high empathy)
body weight (greater modelling if same weight)
in vs outgroup = opposite behaviour to outgroup.
44
Q

obesity and social inequality

A

63% of adults obese
costs 27 billion
2x more likely in low SES groups

45
Q

SES and diet quality

A

associated with fewer fruits and vegetables and higher fatty foods

46
Q

SES and weight loss attempts

A 
Wardle and Griffith (2001)
less weight loss attempts
monitor weight loss attempts
fewer restrictive dietry habits
greater body weight misconceptions (less likely to call themselves overweight)
47
Q

Relton et al (2014)

A

survey of 27,806 adults
higher SES more likely to use a slimming club
low SES more likely to use medication and tend to skip meals

48
Q

reasons for SES difference

A

nutrient rich foods are more expensive
cheap and easy
knowledge about nutrition
proximal environment (more fast food outlets)

49
Q

food scarcity, SES and intake

Life-History theory

A

harsh environments = eat when we can (bodies become adapted)

eat when food is available

50
Q

Hill et al (2016)

A

fasted then given sprite or water

high SES - ate less cookies after sprite compared to lowSES

51
Q

SES and stress (Cardel et al, 2016)

A

manipulated high and low status using monopoly

low SES = more stress and more food intake

52
Q

social comparison theory

A

can make comparisons to others

upwards comparisons = can be inspiring, but if too high can have opposite effects

perceived relative depression = perception of SES relative to others

53
Q

Sim et al (2017)

A

manipulated perceived relative wealth

more deprived = bigger portion size

54
Q

Cheon et al (2017) - Sim replication

A

low SES consumed more energy

55
Q

ego depletion

A

self regulation requires energy
difficult decisions = energy
low SES may face more difficult decisions - buy cheap easy food
prompted by the environment

56
Q

food labels

Crockett et al (2014)

A

no labels, low fat labels, high fat labels

High SES = no effect
low SES = when concerned about losing weight the no label resulted in higher consumptions of popcorn

57
Q

issues investigating SES

A

hasn’t been studied much

hard to gain low SES P’s

58
Q

Ahern et al (2014)

A

recruitment issues
invitation for trial sent by GP
high SES = 8.5%
low SES = 4.9%

even when you have low SES P’s, hard to retain

PSY246 (3 decks)

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