Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

EBCR III > EBCR III > Flashcards

EBCR III Flashcards

Intro to Study Designs (93 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Relative strength of Evidence: Hierarchy of study

A

RCT>[Cohort>Case-Control> Cross-Sectional]>Case Series/Case Reports>Ideas, Opinions, and reviews

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Study Designs

A

no hypothesis test>Descriptive
Testing a hypothesis> Analytical >Experimental or Observational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How to evaluate causal inference (i.e. cause and effect)

A
  1. temporality
  2. Strength
    3.Dose-response
  3. Replication
  4. Biologic plausibility
  5. Alternate explanation
  6. Cessation of exposure
  7. Specificity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cross-sectional Study

A

Identify the prevalence or characteristics of a condition in a group of individuals (prevalence study)
- Snapshot of the population at a certain point in time
-hypothesis generating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
A
  • define population
  • gather data on exposure and disease
  • Exposed; have disease, Exposed; Do NOT have disease, NOT Exposed; Have Disease, NOT exposed; Do NOT have disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Wha

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the four possible groups in a Cross-Sectional Study?

A
  1. Exposed; have disease
  2. Exposed; Do NOT have disease
  3. NOT Exposed; Have Disease
  4. NOT exposed; Do NOT have disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to obtain information

A
  • define population
  • gather data on exposure and disease
  • Exposed; have disease, Exposed; Do NOT have disease, NOT Exposed; Have Disease, NOT exposed; Do NOT have disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Advantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A

Easy Design
Data on exposure and outcome collected at one point in time
Studies are often accomplished by questionnaire, interview, or review of medical info in large database

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cohort Study Design

A

-identifies 2 groups of pts (cohort) - exposed and not exposed
-the 2 cohorts are observed over time to see which develops the outcome of interest
-can be perspective or retrospective
-can calculate the incidence of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Case-Control Study

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Case-Control Study

A

-A study which selects patients who have the outcome of interest (Cases) and pts w/o that outcome (controls), and looks back in time to identify characteristics that are inked to the outcome in case pts
-case control studies are retrospective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Case-Control Study

A

-A study which selects patients who have the outcome of interest (Cases) and pts w/o that outcome (controls), and looks back in time to identify characteristics that are inked to the outcome in case pts
-case control studies are retrospective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cohort Study

A

-identifies 2 groups of pts (cohort) - exposed and not exposed
-2 cohorts are observed over time to see which develops the outcome of interest
-Can be prospective or retrospective
-can calculate the incidence of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bias in study designs

A

-Systemic error in study design or in the way study subjects are selected, measured, and analyzed that can lead to incorrect findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Bias in study designs
-Systemic error in study design or in the way study subjects are selected, measured, and analyzed that can lead to incorrect findings
18
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study
19
What can bias in study designs lead to?
-mistake estimate of an exposure's effect on outcome -over/underestimation of the efficacy of treatment -error in outcome interpretation
20
Types of Bias
- selection bias - information bias - recall bias - reporting bias - publication bias - interviewer bias - misclassification bias
21
Selection bias
An error in the selection of or sampling of individuals for a clinical study
21
Information bias
An error in the recording of individual factors of a study
22
Selection bias
An error in the selection of or sampling of individuals for a clinical study
23
Information bias
An error in the recording of individual factors of a study
23
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study
24
Recall bias
Better recall in cases vs controls
25
reporting bias
reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions
26
Publication bias
only results with positive outcomes are published
26
Interviewer bias
interviews not conducted informally
27
misclassification bias
controls misclassified as cases or with respect to exposure
27
reporting bias
reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions
27
misclassification bias
controls misclassified as cases or with respect to exposure
28
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study
28
Publication bias
only results with positive outcomes are published
29
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study
30
Publication bias
only results with positive outcomes are published
30
reporting bias
reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions
31
Case-Control Design
- Study which selects patients who have the outcome on interest (cases) and pts w/o that outcome (controls), and looks back in time to identify characteristics that are linked to the outcome in case pts - Case controls studies are retrospective
32
32
Publication bias
only results with positive outcomes are published
32
What can bias in study designs lead to?
-mistake estimate of an exposure's effect on outcome -over/underestimation of the efficacy of treatment -error in outcome interpretation
32
reporting bias
reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions
32
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study
32
How to control for confounding
- randomization - Restriction - Matching - Regression methods - Stratification
32
Confounding
Occurs when factors (confounders) are present that are correlated to the independent variable and affect the dependent variable --alters the ability to determine the true effect of the independent variable. on the dependent variable (outcome). It may hide OR exaggerate a trie association
32
Case-Control Design
- Study which selects patients who have the outcome on interest (cases) and pts w/o that outcome (controls), and looks back in time to identify characteristics that are linked to the outcome in case pts - Case controls studies are retrospective
33
Confounding
Occurs when factors (confounders) are present that are correlated to the independent variable and affect the dependent variable --alters the ability to determine the true effect of the independent variable. on the dependent variable (outcome). It may hide OR exaggerate a trie association
33
Publication bias
only results with positive outcomes are published
33
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study
33
reporting bias
reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions
33
34
How to control for confounding
- randomization - Restriction - Matching - Regression methods - Stratification
34
What can bias in study designs lead to?
-mistake estimate of an exposure's effect on outcome -over/underestimation of the efficacy of treatment -error in outcome interpretation
34
Case-Control Design
- Study which selects patients who have the outcome on interest (cases) and pts w/o that outcome (controls), and looks back in time to identify characteristics that are linked to the outcome in case pts - Case controls studies are retrospective
35
Bias vs Confounding
bias - method used to select subjects, collect data and results in incorrect association confounding - observed association is due to "lurking" variable that's associated with risk factor (exposure) and outcome
36
randomization
works by balancing the factors that can confound results between cases and controls
36
restriction
excluding individuals with potential confounding characteristics
37
regression methods
adjusts for potential confounders through mathematical modeling (e.g., logistic regression)
37
matching
adjusts for factors by making like-to-like comparisons
38
Publication bias
only results with positive outcomes are published
38
regression methods
adjusts for potential confounders through mathematical modeling (e.g., logistic regression)
38
randomization
works by balancing the factors that can confound results between cases and controls
38
matching
adjusts for factors by making like-to-like comparisons
39
reporting bias
reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions
39
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study
40
matching
adjusts for factors by making like-to-like comparisons
40
Confounding
Occurs when factors (confounders) are present that are correlated to the independent variable and affect the dependent variable --alters the ability to determine the true effect of the independent variable. on the dependent variable (outcome). It may hide OR exaggerate a trie association
40
randomization
works by balancing the factors that can confound results between cases and controls
40
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study
41
Publication bias
only results with positive outcomes are published
41
regression methods
adjusts for potential confounders through mathematical modeling (e.g., logistic regression)
41
Stratification
Divides the dataset into homogenous subgroups and no subset analyses
41
reporting bias
reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions
41
What can bias in study designs lead to?
-mistake estimate of an exposure's effect on outcome -over/underestimation of the efficacy of treatment -error in outcome interpretation
41
42
Publication bias
only results with positive outcomes are published
42
Stratification
Divides the dataset into homogenous subgroups and no subset analyses
42
randomization
works by balancing the factors that can confound results between cases and controls
42
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study
42
matching
adjusts for factors by making like-to-like comparisons
42
Confounding
Occurs when factors (confounders) are present that are correlated to the independent variable and affect the dependent variable --alters the ability to determine the true effect of the independent variable. on the dependent variable (outcome). It may hide OR exaggerate a trie association
43
regression methods
adjusts for potential confounders through mathematical modeling (e.g., logistic regression)
44
44
What can bias in study designs lead to?
-mistake estimate of an exposure's effect on outcome -over/underestimation of the efficacy of treatment -error in outcome interpretation
44
reporting bias
reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions

EBCR III (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions