EBM

Question 1

1) define EBM

Answer 1

1) conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of an individual patient

Question 2

2) what three things make up EMB

Answer 2

2) clinical expertise, research evidence, patient preference

Question 3

4) what sort of question would you use a randomised control trial for?

Answer 3

therapy/prevention

Question 4

5) Describe a randomised control trial

Answer 4

5) have a sample of population – give half therapy/ treatment and half placebo and see outcome

Question 5

6) Name 3 parameters of RCT

Answer 5

6) random allocation, blinding (double/single), withdrawal

Question 6

7) What sort of a question would you use a case control study for?

Answer 6

diagnosis OR risk/cause

Question 7

8) Describe a case control study

Answer 7

8) source pop is people with the disease and people without – look back to see what exposures

Question 8

9) Name 3 parameters of case control

Answer 8

retrospective, confounding, association not causal,

Question 9

10) When would you use a cohort study

Answer 9

risk/ cause OR prognosis

Question 10

11) Which two experiments are observation

Answer 10

cohort and case control

Question 11

12) Describe cohort study

Answer 11

12) have two groups exposure and non exposure and look forward to see the outcomes of both groups

Question 12

13) Name 4 parameters of cohort studies

Answer 12

prospective, confounding, causal, non experiment

Question 13

14) Which study is an intervention study

Answer 13

RCT

Question 14

15) Name a strength of each study

Answer 14

RCT - less bias
case control - cheap / real world
cohort - causal / real world

Question 15

16) name a weakness of each study

Answer 15

RCT - expensive
case control - association /confounding
cohort - expensive / confounding

Question 16

17)define bias

Answer 16

17) a systematic distortion of the true value

Question 17

18) define error + two types

Answer 17

18) a random variation around the true value + false positive and false negative

Question 18

how do you avoid bias

Answer 18

19) matching and post hoc adjustment, randomisation

Question 19

20) two ways you can avoid error

Answer 19

20) enlarge sample size and lower significant value

Question 20

21) type one error is depicted as what value? + what does this value represent

Answer 20

p value. chances of false positives. p value is statistical significance

Question 21

22) Type two error is depicted as what value?

Answer 21

‘power’ of the study

Question 22

23) What do confidence intervals tell?

Answer 22

23) statistical significance and possible range of the effect size

Question 23

24) What is a systematic review

Answer 23

24) a systemic approach to identify, interpret and analyse evidence

Question 24

25) what is a meta analysis

Answer 24

25) a systematic review with quantitive evidence synthesis

Question 25

27) how do you work out effect size

Answer 25

27) (baseline-endpoint)/SD

Question 26

28) what is heterogeneity

Answer 26

28) if you’ve done a meta-analysis and your heterogeneity is over 85% then loads of studies had different results so cant compare

Question 27

29) best way to summarise research evidence

Answer 27

meta analysis

Question 28

what is intention to treat

Answer 28

in a randomised control trial some people drop out - they must still be included in overall study as makes it more real world (get dropouts in real world)