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AWS Architect Associate > EC2 Instance Storage > Flashcards

EC2 Instance Storage Flashcards

1
Q

What is an EBS

A

Elastic Block Store

EBS Volume is a network drive you can attach to your EC2 instance while they run

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2
Q

What does an EBS allow?

A

For instance data to persist after termination

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3
Q

In how many instances can EBS volumes be attached at the same time?

A

Only one

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4
Q

Are EBS bound to specific AZ?

A

Yes

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5
Q

EBS Analogy?

A

Network USB stick

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6
Q

Why is there latency for an EBS volume?

A

Because it is a network drive

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7
Q

Benefit of using an EBS volume and many EC2 instances?

A

Can detach & attach quickly to different EC2

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8
Q

Downside of EBS in regard to AZ?

A

They are locked to 1 AZ at a time.
If you want to move it to another AZ you need to snap shot it and use the snap shot

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9
Q

How do you get billed for EBS volumes?

A

Provisioned Capacity (size in GBs & IOPS)
Can increase capacity over time

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10
Q

EBS and different EC2

A

Cannot attach 1 EBS to 2 instances at a time but can attach 2 EBS to 1 instance.

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11
Q

Do EBS have to be attached?

A

No, they can remain unattached

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12
Q

Delete on Termination attribute

A

Root volume is deleted by default when EC2 is terminated.

Any other EBS (other than root) is not

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13
Q

EBS Snapshot

A

Backup at point in time

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14
Q

Can you copy snapshots across AZ or Regions?

A

Yes

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15
Q

How do you transfer an EBS volume from one AZ or Region to another?

A

Snapshot it first

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16
Q

What is EBS Snapshot Archive?

A

You archive your snapshot (tier) and it is 75% cheaper

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17
Q

How long does EBS Snapshot Archive take to restore?

A

24 to 72 hours

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18
Q

What is Recycle Bin for EBS Snapshots

A

Rule to retain deleted snapshots for recovering them later

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19
Q

How long can you retain EBS Snapshots in Recycle Bin?

A

1 day to 1 year

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20
Q

What is Fast Snapshot Restore (FSR)

A

Force full initialisation of snapshot to have no latency on first use ($$$)

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21
Q

When do you use Fast Snapshot Restore (FSR)?

A

If your snapshot it big and it takes time to initialise

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22
Q

What does AMI mean?

A

Amazon Machine Image

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23
Q

What is an AMI?

A

Customisation of an EC2 instance

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24
Q

What can you control with AMI?

A

OS, config, monitoring

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25
Q

What are some benefits of using an AMI when building an EC2 machine?

A

Faster boot / config time - everything is pre packaged

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26
Q

What do you do if you want to move an AMI across region?

A

First you create it to a specific region, and then copy it across another region

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27
Q

Which AMI can you lunch instances from?

A

Public AMI (AWS Provided)
Own AMI (make and maintain it)
Marketplace AMI (someone else made it)

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28
Q

AMI Process (from EC2)

A

Start EC2 and customise it
Stop instance
Build AMI - creates EBS snapshots
Lunch instance from other AMI

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29
Q

What is EC2 Instance Store?

A

It is a physical storage drive that can be attached to your EC2’s physical hardware

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30
Q

What is EBS performance?

A

It is limited

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31
Q

Which storage do you use if you want high performance?

A

EC2 Instance Store

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32
Q

Unlike EBS (Elastic Block Store) what happens to EC2 Instance store when the instance is terminated?

A

It loses all their storage (ephemeral)

The physical drive gets detached and released so it can be attached to a new EC2 instance

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33
Q

Good use case for EC2 Instance Store?

A

Buffer
Cache
Scratch data
temporary content

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34
Q

Which is better for longterm storage? EBS or EC2 instance store?

A

EBS

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35
Q

What is a risk that EC2 instance store has?

A

Data loss if hardware fails

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36
Q

How many types of EBS are there?

A

6

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37
Q

What are gp2 / gp3 (SSD) EBS volumes used for?

A

General purpose SSD volume that balances price and performance a wide variety of workload

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38
Q

What are io 1 / io2 (SSD) EBS volumes used for?

A

Highest-performance SSD volume for mission-critical low-latency or high-throughput workloads

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39
Q

What is st 1 (HDD) EBS volume used for

A

low cost HDD volume designed for frequently accessed, throughput-intensive workload

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40
Q

What is sc 1 (HDD) EBS volume used for

A

lowest cost HDD volume designed for less frequently accessed workloads

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41
Q

What are EBS Volumes characterised in?

A

Size
Throughput
IOS (I/O Ops Per Sec)

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42
Q

Which EBS volume types can be used as boot volumes?

A

gp2/gp3 & io1/io2 ONLY

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43
Q

gp2/gp3 use cases

A

Coste efective storage, low-latency
System boot volumes, VMs, Dev and test env

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44
Q

Storage size of gp2/gp3

A

1 GiB - 16 TiB

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45
Q

What is the baseline of IPS and throughput of gp3?

A

3000 IOPS and 12 MiB/s throughput

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46
Q

How high can IOPS and Throughput go for gp3?

A

16000 IOPS, and 1000 MiB/s throughput

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47
Q

What is the baseline of IPS and throughput of gp2?

A

3000

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48
Q

Is size of volume and IOPS linked or independent for gp2?

A

Linked, with max IOPS of 16000

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49
Q

what does 3 IOPS per GB mean at 5,334 GB for gp2?

A

max IOPS it can do

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50
Q

What are provisioned IOPS used for?

A

Critical business applications with sustained IOPS performance

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51
Q

When do you use provisioned IOPS ?

A

apps that need more than 16000 IOPS

52
Q

What are Provisioned IOPS great for?

A

database workloads (sensitive to storage performance and consistency)

53
Q

io 1 / io2 Gib - Tib?

A

4 GiB to 16 TiB)

54
Q

Max PIOPS for io1/io2?

A

64000 for Nitro EC2 instances & 32000 for other

55
Q

Can you increase PIOPS independently from storage size?

A

Yes

56
Q

Why would you prefer io2?

A

more durable and more IOPS per GiB at same price of io1

57
Q

io2 Block Express (4 GiB - 64 TiB) benefits

A

sub millisecond latency

58
Q

Max PIOPS for io2 block express?

A

256,000 with an IOPS:GiB ratio of 1,000:1

59
Q

EBS Volume Types support EBS Multi-Attach (Provisioned IOPS)

A

True

60
Q

What can st 1 and sc1 not be?

A

boot volumes

61
Q

size of st 1 & sc 1?

A

125 GiB to 16TiB

62
Q

What are st 1 best used for

A

Big data, data warehouses, log processing

63
Q

Max throughput of st1?

A

500 MiBs with max IOPS of 500

64
Q

What is sc1 used for

A

data infrequently accessed

65
Q

Best scenario for sc1?

A

lower cost is important

66
Q

max throughput of sc1?

A

250 MiB/s - max IOPS 250

67
Q

What is EBS Multi-Attach?

A

Allows to attach same EBS volume to multiple EC2 instances in the same AZ

68
Q

Which instance family does EBS multi-attach use?

A

io 1 / io2

69
Q

What does EBS-Multi attach offer to the instances it is connected to?

A

full read/write permissions to the high-perf volume

70
Q

What are EBS-Multi attach use cases?

A

High App Availability in clustered Linux applications

71
Q

Do applications that use EBS-Multi attach must manage concurrent write operations?

A

Yes

72
Q

What is the concurrent Instance limit for an EBS Multi-Attach?

A

16 EC2 instances at a time

73
Q

What does the file system have to be in order to use EBS Multi-attach?

A

Cluster-aware

74
Q

What do you get when you encrypt an EBS volume?

A

Data at rest/transit encryption
Snapshot encryption
Volumes created from snapshot are encrypted

75
Q

Do you have to do anything to encrypt/decrypt an EBS volume?

A

No, it is handled transparently.

76
Q

What keys does Encryption of EBS leverage from?

A

KMS (AES-256)

KMS = Key Management Service

77
Q

What happens when you copy an unencrypted snapshot?

A

If you create a snapshot from an unencrypted EBS it will also be unencrypted.

You can encrypt it after it is created by copying it

78
Q

Are snapshots of encrypted volumes encrypted?

A

Yes

79
Q

How do you encrypt and unencrypted EBS volume?

A
  1. Create EBS snapshot
  2. Encrypt EBS snapshot (using copy)
  3. Create new EBS volume from snapshot (volume will also be encrypted
  4. Attach encrypted volume to original instance
80
Q

What is EFS?

A

Elastic File System and it is an NFS (Network File System)

81
Q

What is a managed NFS?

A

EFS is a network file system. It can be mounted on many EC2 instances in multi AZ

82
Q

What can you do with EFS that you cannot do with EBS multi-attach?

A

It can work with EC2 instances in multi-AZ

83
Q

Benefits of using EFS?

A

Highly available
Scalable

84
Q

Downside of using EFS?

A

Expensive (3x gp2)

85
Q

Do you have to plan the capacity of EFS in advance?

A

No - You pay per use

86
Q

EFS use cases

A

Content Management, web serving, data sharing, Wordpress

Uses NFSv4.1 protocol

87
Q

How do you control access to EFS?

A

Security Group

88
Q

What OS is EFS compatible with?

A

Linux

89
Q

How can you encrypt EFS at rest?

A

Using KMS (Key Management System)

90
Q

What is the scale of EFS?

A

1000s of concurrent NFS (Network File System) clients

10GB+/s throughput

91
Q

What are the performance modes of EFS?

A

General Purpose (default)
Max I/O

92
Q

What is the General Purpose (default) EFS performance mode used for?

A

latency-sensitive use cases (web server, CMS)

93
Q

What is the Max I/O EFS performance mode used for?

A

higher latency/throughput, highly parallel (big data, media processing)

94
Q

What are the throughput modes that EFS can provide?

A

Bursting
Provisioned
Elastic

95
Q

What does Bursting throughput mode of EFS include?

A

1 TB = 50MiB/s + burst up to 100MiB/s

96
Q

What does Provisioned throughput mode of EFS include?

A

set your throughput regardless of storage size, e.g. 1 GiB/s for 1TB storage

97
Q

What does Elastic throughput mode of EFS include?

A

automatically scales throughput up or down based on your workloads

up to 3GiB/s reads and 1GiB/s writes

used for unpredictable workloads

98
Q

What is Elastic Throughput Mode of EFS used for?

A

Unpredictable workloads

99
Q

What are Storage Tiers?

A

It is a lifecycle management feature - move file after N days

100
Q

What are the different storage tiers types?

A

Standard and Infrequent Access

101
Q

What is the Standard storage tier of EFS for?

A

Frequently accessed files

102
Q

What is the Infrequent Access (EFS-IA) EFS storage tier for?

A

less frequently accessed files

103
Q

How do you get charged for EFS-IA?

A

per file retrieval

lower price to just store but charges you when your retrieve files

104
Q

What is a Lifecycle policy?

A

Allows you to set rules for files that have not been accessed in a while

105
Q

EFS-IA architecture example

A

You have a file in EFS standard that have not been accessed for 60 days. LifeCycle Policy moves it to EFS IA

106
Q

What do you need to enable EFS-IA?

A

Lifecycle Policy

107
Q

Options of Availability and Durability for EFS?

A

Regional - Multi-AZ for prod
One Zone - One AZ great for dev back up enabled by default. Compatible with IA (EFS One Zone-IA)

108
Q

What is the cost of using EFS?

A

Over 90% in cost saving

108
Q

What is the cost of using EFS?

A

Over 90% in cost saving

109
Q

What does EFS need in regard to Security Groups?

A

It needs its own Security Group

110
Q

EBS - How many instances can you connect one EBS?

A

one instance except if the type is io 1/ io2, then you can multi attach

111
Q

Can you connect an EBS in AZ1 to an instance in AZ2?

A

No - locked in AZ

112
Q

What happens to the IO of gp2 EBS if the disk size increases?

A

It also increases

113
Q

Which EBS type can you increase IO and Size independently?

A

io 1

114
Q

How do you migrate EBS volume across AZ?

A

Snapshot
Restore to another AZ

EBS backups use IO and you shouldn’t run them while your app is handling a lot of traffic

115
Q

What happens to Root EBS volumes when instance is terminated?

A

They get deleted, by default but can be disabled

116
Q

What can you benefit from when using EFS (AZ)

A

Can be mounted across 100s of instances across the multiple AZ

117
Q

What do EFS share?

A

Website files (word press)

118
Q

What instances is EFS for?

A

Only for Linux (POSIX)

119
Q

Which is more expensive, EFS or EBS?

A

EFS

120
Q

How can you make EFS cheaper?

A

EFS-IA for cost savings

121
Q

EFS vs EBS vs Instance Store

A

EFS - ENS, multiple EC2 across AZ
EBS - one EC2 and AZ bound (can use multi attach in io 1/2)
Instance Store - temporary gets deleted with instance termination

122
Q

Are AMI region locked?

A

Yes

123
Q

What can you do if you have an AMI in region 1 and want to launch it in region 2?

A

Copy the AMI and then launch instances from there

124
Q

Which volume provides the highest IOPS?

A

Instance Store

AWS Architect Associate (15 decks)

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