ECB Chapter 5

Question 1

What does life do?

Answer 1

1. ) It makes copies of itself

2. ) It creates order

Question 2

What is the essential difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 2

The compartments. Prokaryotes are essential bags of cells and eukaryotic cells have compartments

Question 3

What is a genome?

Answer 3

The complete set of genetic material for an organism

Question 4

Name the three macromolecules

Answer 4

Amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides

Question 5

Which strain was the lethal strain for Griffith’s mice?

Answer 5

S -Strain

Question 6

What did Hershey and Chase attach to DNA and proteins

Answer 6

They labelled protein with 35 S and DNA with 32P

Question 7

What is the central dogma?

Answer 7

Genes are encoded in DNA and transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins that perform the majority of cell functions.

Question 8

How can you tell what is the 3’ end and the 5’ end of a DNA strand

Answer 8

There is a phosphate group (OPO3) at the 5’ end and a hydroxyl (OH)

Question 9

How many hydrogen bonds between C and G

Answer 9

3

Question 10

How many hydrogen bonds between A and T

Answer 10

2

Question 11

At what level of structure do R groups matter

Answer 11

Tertiary structure. R groups don’t interact at the first or second layer of structure

Question 12

What is the primary level of protein structure

Answer 12

The amino acid chain

Question 13

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

Answer 13

Alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets

Question 14

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 14

The complex structure of protein molecules

Question 15

What is a nucleoside

Answer 15

a nucleotide without the phosphate group

Question 16

How do you determine DNA and RNA?

Answer 16

At the C2 position there is only a hydrogen on DNA.

On RNA at the C2 position there is a hydroxyl groups (OH)

Question 17

Where does the sugar attach to the nucleoside?

Answer 17

C1’

Question 18

What happens on the different point on the carbon sugar?

Answer 18

C1’ is where it attaches to the ACTU or G molecule. C2’ where whether it is DNA or RNA. C3’ always and OH group. C5’ where the phosphate groups attached.

Question 19

What form must the nucleotide be in to form a DNA or RNA polymer?

And how does the formation happen?

Answer 19

Tri-phosphate

The triphosphate group attached to 5’ of the carbon sugar, releases two phosphates and then. The energy of the breaking of the bond provides the energy to form a bond with the hydroxyl group of the 3’ of the previous carbon sugar, H2O is cleaved and then

Question 20

Where do phosphate groups attach to the 5 carbon sugar?

Answer 20

C5’

Question 21

In what direction should DNA be read?

Answer 21

5’ to 3’

Question 22

What is the bottom of the a DNA chain?

Answer 22

3’

Question 23

What are plasmids?

Answer 23

the single circular DNA molecule in prokaryotes. it is a self sealing circle

Question 24

What is a gene?

Answer 24

The entire nucleic acid sequence that is necessary for the synthesis of a functional protein for RNA molecule

Question 25

What are SNPs?

Answer 25

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Question 26

What sections of DNA are most and least conserved?

Answer 26

Exons are most conserved, introns less so. Conserved introns must have a function.

Question 27

Can DNA transcribe when it is highly condensed?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

What are the three DNA sequences required to produce a stable eukaryotic chromosome?

Answer 28

1. ) DNA replication origin 2. ) Centromere 3. ) Telomere

Question 29

What are telomeres?

Answer 29

DNA repeats at the end that allow replication without shortening the DNA

Question 30

Interphase chromosomes are organized within the nucleus via three mechanisms?

Answer 30

1. ) Nuclear envelope attachment 2. ) Nucleolus - site of ribosomal RNA genes 3. ) Each chromosomes occupies a particular region

Question 31

What is the lowest level of DNA packaging structure?

Answer 31

beads on a sting

Question 32

what is a higher level of DNA organization?

Answer 32

30nm fiber

Question 33

What are nucleosome?

Answer 33

DNA coiled around histones

Question 34

Name attributes of histone proteins?

Answer 34

They are positively charged

Question 35

What is histone h1 important for?

Answer 35

It keeps the DNA in place in the nucleosome. It allow the nucleosome to be pulled into the next repeating array. Allows the histones to associate in a very specific pattern that builds the 30nm fiber.

Question 36

What are the two types of chromatin in interphase cells?

Answer 36

Heterochromatin (highly condensed) either centromere, telomeres, not needed in that cells or a gene poor region. Euchromatin (less condensed) during replication and regions of particularly active genes

Question 37

What are chromatin remodeling complexes?

Answer 37

They access or condense chromatin