ECG Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
what is ventricular trigenemy
A
premature contraction every 3rd beat
2
Q
how to recognise hypercalcalcaemia on an ecg
A
short QT interval
3
Q
how to recognise hypocalcaemia
A
prolonged QT interval
4
Q
what are symptoms of hypocalcaemia
A
facial twitching, pins and needles and fatigue
5
Q
what are symptoms of hypercalcaemia
A
fatigue, thirst, increase urine output, muscle weakness
6
Q
what is hypocalcaemia
A
low calcium
7
Q
what is hyperecalcaemia
A
high calcium
8
Q
how to spot hyperkalemia
A
t waves to become tall and peaked
9
Q
how to spot hypokalaemia
A
low and flat t waves and u waves
10
Q
what are the symptoms of abnormal potassium
A
muscle weakness
cramps
chest pain
palpatations
11
Q
what is low potassium
A
hypoklemia
12
Q
what is high potassium
A
hyperkalemia
13
Q
how to get a posterior view
A
move v4, v5, v6 to the back
they become v7, v8, v9
14
Q
what is the anterior leads
A
front of the heart
15
Q
what are the posterior view
A
view of the back
16
Q
what are the lateral leads
A
leads 1 , All, v5, v6
17
Q
what are the anterior leads
A
v1, v2, v3, v4
18
Q
what are the inferior leads
A
leads 2, 3 and AVF
19
Q
when should you worry about st depression or elevation
A
when it happens in 2 or more leads
20
Q
what are the causes of a semi
A
t wave inversion
st depression
st elevation
21
Q
what is a semi
A
blocked artery in heart stops oxygen blood passing causing tissue death
22
Q
how many mm is a small square
A
1mm
23
Q
what is st depression
A
st segment falling low of the isometric line
24
Q
what is the St segment
A
end of the S wave and start of the t wave
25
what is premature atrial contraction
abnormaly shaped p waves occurs
26
what is no substance ventricular trachycardia
3 or more in a row of premature contractions
27
what is ventricular couplets
premature contraction 2 in a row
28
what is ventricular bigeminey
premature contraction every other beat
29
what is ventricular trigenemy
premature contraction every 3rd beat
30
what is ventricular quadrigeminy
premature contractions every 4th beat
31
what are the symptoms of premature contraction
palpitation
chest pain
dizzness
shortness of breath
32
what is a premature contraction
occasional out of place complex on an ecg
33
what is the common symptoms of super ventricular tachycardia
```
palpatations
shortness of breath
dizziness
chest pain
(comes on suddenly)
```
34
what is supper ventricular tachycardia
narrow complex
regular rhythm
no visible P waves
above 100bpm (usually 150-250bpm)
35
what is the usual rate of sinus tachycardia
100-150bpm
36
what are the causes of sinus tachycardia
sepsis
pain
anxiety
37
what is browed complex tachycardia
QRS wider than 0.12 (3 small squares)
38
what is narrow complex tachycardia
QRS complex less than 0.125 (3 squares)
39
what Is atrial flutter
flutter waves happen in-between QRS complex
40
what is atrial fibrillation
irregularly, irregual rhythm
41
what is a lower junctional rhythm
p waves after ORS complex
impulses in AV node down to ventricles (creating QRS complex) up to atria creating P waves
42
How to identify mid junctional rhythm
impulses created in AV node into atria and ventricles at the same time
making no p waves
43
how to identify junctional rhythm
p waves negative in lead 1 and 2 and positive AVR
44
what is junctional rhythm
abnormal p waves on ECG
45
how to identify extreme axis deviation
negative in all lead 1,2 AVF
46
how to identify right axis deterioration
positive lead 2, AVF
negative in lead 1
(right is for reaching)
47
how to identify left axis deviation
postive p wave in lead one
and
negative p waves in lead 2 and AVF
(left is for leaving)
48
how to identify normal cardiac axis
all qrs are positive in lead 1, 2 and avf
49
how to identify right atrial enlargement
p waves over 2.5 small squares
50
how to identify left atrial enlargement
p waves longer than 3 small squares
51
what does a normal p wave look like
no longer than 3 small squares and no taller than 2.5 small squares
52
how tall is 2 large squares
1mv
53
how tall is one big square
0.5mv
54
how tall is one small square
0.1 mv
55
how to identify left ventricular hypertrophy
calculate ballers s wave in v1 and v2
caculate tallest r in v5 and v6
add together if over 3.5
56
what leads do we look in for left ventricular hypertrophy
v1 and v2
v5 and v6
57
what leads do you look in for right ventricular hypertrophy
v1 and v5
58
how can you identify right ventricular hypertrophy
r waves taller than 1 large box in v1
and
taller than 5 waves deep
and in v5 S waves is deeper than 1 box
59
how can you identify a third degree heart block on an ecg
regular p waves and regular QRS but no regular pattern
beats are often around 40bpm (due to only ventricles pumping blood around the body)
60
explain the pathophysiology of a third degree heart block (complete block)
their is a complete block at or bellow the AV node which prevents an impulse passing though the ventricles this leads to the ventricles being forced to create their own impulse to pump blood around the body
atria and ventricles beating independently
61
explain the pathophysiology of a 2nd degree AV block type two
Av node working fine till a sudden block stops the ventricles to contract
62
explain the pathophysiology of a 2nd degree Av block type one
the av node takes longer and longer to transmit signals till a complex block occurs
63
explain the pathophysiology of a first degree AV block
the signals are able to pass through the AV node on a regular basis but slightly delayed on conduction which leads to a longer PR interval
64
how can you recognise a first degree AV block
longer than 5 squares and always the same distant from the QRS complex
65
what part of the hearts blocked in a first degree Av block
partial block on the area of the AV node
66
what is affected in a heart block
its affects the PR interval
67
what is the PR interval
the distance between the start of the p wave and the start of the QRS complex
68
how many MM and seconds is a large box
5mm
0.20 seconds
69
how many MM and seconds is a small box
1mm
o.o4 seconds
70
how long should a QT interval be
0.35- 0.46
9-12 small boxes
71
what is the QT inteval
distance from start q wave to the end of the T waves
72
what is the normal length of the QRS interval
0. 06- 0.12 seconds
| 1. 5- 3 small boxes
73
what is the qrs interval
distance between start of the Q wave to the end of the S wave
74
how long should a PR interval be
0.12- 0.20 seconds
3-5 small boxes
75
what is it called when the QRS complex consists of one large downwards deflection its known as a QR wave
76
what is the secondary r wave called
R primary
77
what is the second downwards deflection after the R wave known as
S wave
78
what is the first upwards deflection called
R wave
79
what is the first downwards deflection known as
Q waves
80
how to identify sinus rhythm
P waves before every QRS complex
are the P waves in lead 2 up right and P waves in AVR facing downwards
are the QRS complex equal distance (count the large boxes)
is their a QRS after every P wave
81
where should the t waves be inverted
AVR and V 1
82
what is the T wave
represents ventricle reset period
83
what is the QRS complex
impulses traveling down into the ventricles and through purkunji fibres
84
what is the P wave
atrium filling with blood and the SA node firing contractions
85
where does the electrical impulse travel after the Ev node
through the bundle of his and both bundle branches then return to the SV node by the purkunji fibres
86
what is the role of the SA node
initiating an electrical impulse that travels down the Av node
87
what does the p- wave represent
(atrial depolarisation) atria contracting
88
what does the QRS complex represent
formed when the impulses passes through the ventricles ( ventricles contracting)
89
what does the PR interval represent
the time it takes for the impulses to travel from the atria to the ventricles
90
where is the Pr interval
distance from the start of the p wave to the start of the Qrs complex
91
what is the QT interval
the time between the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave
92
what is the T wave
represents repolarisation of the ventricles ( when it relaxes)
93
what happens when the t wave returns back to the isoelectric line
cardiac impulses have caused the heart to contract and relax again
94
what is the best lead to get the best view of the heart
lead 2
95
what can you identify through measuring the R waves
if the rhythm is regular by comparing the distance between the R waves
96
how do you work out if the heart rate is regular
count the number of large squares between the R wave the dived it by 300
for example 300/4 is 75 bpm
97
how to measure the heart rate if the rhythm is irregular
count the number of large squares over a 10 second strip ( 1 second- 5 big squares)
now multiply this by 6
98
what is the first step to reading an ECG
assessing the rhythm
99
what is the second step to reading an ECG
assessing the rate
100
what is step three of reading an ECG
are all the waves poinint up in lead 1 and 2 and negative in AVR
101
what is the fourth step of reading an ECG
making sure the PR interval is between 3-5 small squares
102
what is the five step of reading a ECG
make sure their are no pathological Q waves
103
what do Q waves indicate
current or previous heart attacks
104
when are the Q waves considered pathological
wider than 1mm
deeper than 2mm
25% of the QRS complex
105
what is the six step of reading a ECG
seeing if the QRS complex is less than 3 small squares
106
if the QRS complex is wider than 3 small squares , what does it indicate
bundle branch block
107
what is the seventh step of reading a ECG
asses the R and S waves in the chest leads
108
what is the eighth step of reading a ECG
is the ST segment start on the isoelectric line
109
what is the 9th step of reading a ECG
are their any t wave abnormalities
110
what leads should the T waves be upright
lead 1, 2 and V2-V6
111
what is the last step to reading a ECG
is the QT interval normal
112
what is a normal QT interval
0.350- 0.436
