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ECG Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What does an electrical current towards the probe show as on an ECG? And away?

A

towards- positive

away - negative

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2
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

ventricular depolarisation

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3
Q

What is the normal time for a QRS complex

A

0.04- 0.12

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4
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

atrial depolarisation time

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5
Q

How tall should the P wave be and how long should the P wave be ?

A

0.1 sec

no more than 2.5mm tall

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6
Q

Where can the p wave be seen the tallest?

A

lead 2

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7
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarisation

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8
Q

how tall should the T wave be?

A

5-10mm

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9
Q

What is the U wave?

A

repolerisation of the purkinje fibers and is often not seen

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10
Q

What is an interval

A

length of the plus the isoelectric line that follows it

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11
Q

What is the PR interval ?

A

space between the beginning of the wave and the beginning of the QRS complex

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12
Q

What is the normal time of an PR interval ?

A

3-5 small squares (0.12-0.2)

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13
Q

What is the QT interval ?

A

from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave

IF U wave presence all the way to the end of the u wave

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14
Q

What is the ST segment?

A

isoelectric line betweeen the end of the S wave of the QRS complex and beginning of the T wave

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15
Q

What is the PR segment?

A

from the end of the P wave the beginning of the Q wave

represents the conduction from when the atria are depolarised to the ventricular depolarisation.

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16
Q

What is the time of one small square and big square

A

small square -0.04

big square is 0.2

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17
Q

What is the height of one small square?

A

small square- 0.1mV

larger square 0.5mV

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18
Q

How do you estimate the rate ?

A

Approach 1:

  1. count the R waves in 10sec
  2. times it by 6

Approach 2:
1. count the large squares between 2 R waves

1 -300
2-150
3- 100
4- 75
5- 60
6-50
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19
Q

How do you measure the rhythm?

A

look if the RR interval is the same across the whole strip

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20
Q

What do you look at to suspect a bundle branch block?

Study These Flashcards
A

look at the QRS complex- anything longer 0.12 too much.

21
Q

How do you distinguish a right and left bundle branch block?

Study These Flashcards
A

look at lead V1.
left - downwards deflected
right- upwards deflected

22
Q

What is a first degree AV block

Study These Flashcards
A

PR interval longer than 0.2 seconds

23
Q

What can cause a bundle branch block

Study These Flashcards
A

pericarditis, myocarditis, congested heart failure and congenital heart disease

24
Q

What can cause a first degree AV block?

Study These Flashcards
A 
coronary heart disease
inferior wall MI
hyperkalaemia
congenital abnormalities
medications (quinidine, digitalis, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
25
What is a second degree AV block type 1 (Mobitz)?
progressive delay of conduction at the AV node until conduction is blocked - resulting in no QRS complex
26
What are the characteristics of the second degree AV block type 1 (Mobitz type 1)
- rate is 60-100 beats per minute - atrial rhythm is regular - ventricular rhythm is irregular - P wave normal - PR interval get longer until QRS is droppped - QRS is normal just gets dropped every onceand a while
27
What is a second degree AV block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)?
2-4 P wave before each QRS
28
What are the causes of the second degree AV block type 1 (Mobitz type 1)
acute inferior wall myocardial infarction digitalis rheumatic fever myocarditis excissive vagal tone drugs (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
29
What are the characteristics of the second degree AV block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)
Atrial and ventricular rate irregular | several p waves
30
What are the causes of the second degree AV block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)
acute anterior or antero septal myocardial infarction coronary heart disease rheumatic heart disease drugs (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
31
What are the characteristics of the second degree AV block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)
atrial rate is faster than ventricular rate | no relationship between QRS and P wave
32
What happens in a third degree AV block
electrical signals from SA node are completly blocked at the AV node -> no coordination between contraction of the atria and ventricles
33
What is an ST elevation due to?
impending infarction also due to pericarditis, vasospastic angina - laso can be normal
34
What are the characteristics of an ST elevation ?
if it exceeds 1mm in a limb lead or 2 mm in a precordial lead
35
What happens in a transmural infarction to the ST elevation?
ST elevation one of the first signals | - as time passes the st elevation decreases due to the T wave inversion
36
What happens in a ventricular aneurysm to the ST elevation?
- ST elevation remains even after 3 months
37
What do you do if an ST elevation persists after 3 months?
ventricular aneurysm- | don't give thrombolytic drugs
38
What is vasospastic angina
during exercise you get vasospasm and lack of blood flow to the subendocardium -> lack of blood flow to the transmural area of the heart _> ST elevation
39
What is Pericarditis ?
inflammation pf the space between the heart and the pericardial sack
40
What are signs of pericarditis on an ECG?
ST elevation
41
What is early repolerisation?
T wave occurs early and leads to ST elevation HARMLESS can be seen well in the precordial leads and less in the limb leads
42
IN what individuals do you get early re-polarisation?
young healthy males
43
What leads do you use for the axis nomenclature?
lead 1 and aVF because they are perpendicular to each other
44
What is the normal range for an normal axis?
-30 to 90
45
What is the range for an left axis deviation?
-30 to -90
46
What is the range for a right axis deviation?
90 to +or -180
47
What disease does a left axis deviation indicate
inferior wall MI
48
What disease does a right axis deviation indicate
lateral wall MI

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