[ECG made easy][P, QRS, T wave abnormalities]

Answer 1

right atrial hypertrophy (e.g. tricuspid stenosis)

Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 2

Left atrial hypertrophy (mitral stenosis)

Answer 3

right ventricular - V1

Answer 4

25

Answer 5

1mm across

2mm deep

Answer 6

hypertrophy of the ventricles

Answer 7

Height of R is greater than depth of S

Answer 8

deep S wave

Answer 9

Right ventricular hypertrophy

sinus tachycardia

Question 10

[P/QRS/T]: when do Q waves not indicate the septal depolarisation but represent an ‘electrical window’ into the cavity of the ventricle (which are depolarised from the inside outwards)

Answer 10

Greater than 1mm in width or 2mm deep

this represents a myocardial infarction

Answer 11

V2-V4 (maybe V5)

Answer 12

VL, I, V5/V6

Answer 13

III

VF

Answer 14

dominant R wave in V1 (less opposing force of LV depolarisation due to infarction)

Answer 15

no - it is permanent once developed

• shows previous MI!

Answer 16

Yes

Anterior, inferior

Answer 17

pericarditis is not usually a localised affair. ST elevation would be seen across most leads

Answer 18

downwards sloping ST

Answer 19

ST depression

Answer 20

ischaemia as opposed to infarction

Answer 21

Normality (VR, V1,)
ichaemia
ventricular hypertrophy
Bundle branch block
Digoxin treatment

Question 22

[P/QRS/T]: where might you see ‘biphasic’ T waves

Answer 22

leads adjacent to those showing inverted T waves

Answer 23

yes

Answer 24

ST elevation

Question 25

[P/QRS/T]: What 3 thing would be seen on ECG post MI

Answer 25

ST elevation (first) Q wave abnormal T waves become inverted

Question 26

[P/QRS/T]: if an infarction does not cause full ventricular wall thickness how will this ∆ the presentation on an ECG

Answer 26

There will be no abnormal Q wave (no electrical window) | But there will still be inverted T waves.

Question 27

[P/QRS/T]: what is the pathological difference between a STEMI and an NSTEMI

Answer 27

a STEMI causes full thickness infarction | an NSTEMI causes partial thickness infarction

Question 28

[P/QRS/T]: what did an NSTEMI also used to be called (2)

Answer 28

non-Q wave infarction | subendocardial infarction

Question 29

[P/QRS/T]: In normal white adults which leads usually show T wave inversion

Answer 29

V1, V2, VR

Question 30

[P/QRS/T]: in black people, to which lead may T wave inversion spread without being pathogenic?

Answer 30

V3

Question 31

[P/QRS/T]: how would you identify ventricular hypertrophy in both RV and LV

Answer 31

``` RV = T wave inversion seen in V3 (white person) LV = T wave inversion seen in I, II, VL, V5, V6 ```

Question 32

[P/QRS/T]: why would you get inverted T waves associated with bundle branch block

Answer 32

abnormal depolarisation = abnormal depolarisation

Question 33

[P/QRS/T]: with what drug would you see the 'reversed tick' - on the inverted T waves

Answer 33

Digoxin *perform an ECG prior to administering digoxin to prevent later confusion*

Question 34

[P/QRS/T]: which electrolyte does not usually affect the ECG reading

Answer 34

sodium

Question 35

[P/QRS/T]: which 3 electrolytes can affect the ECG

Answer 35

K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+

Question 36

[P/QRS/T]: what 2 parts of the ECG are affected by changes in K Mg Ca ?

Answer 36

T wave | QT interval

Question 37

[P/QRS/T]: what would be seen on ECG due to low potassium levels

Answer 37

``` T wave flattening U wave (hump on the end of the T wave) ```

Question 38

[P/QRS/T]: what would be seen in high potassium levels (although similar are seen in abnormal Mg levels)

Answer 38

Tall tented T waves no ST segment Widened QRS?

Question 39

[P/QRS/T]: where on the ECG does Calcium primarily affect

Answer 39

High level shorten QT interval | Low levels prolong QT interval