Echinodermata

Question 1

aboral surface

Answer 1

side without the mouth

Question 2

Blastopore

Answer 2

The opening to the primitive gut (archenteron) that will develop into either the mouth or anus. The blastopore forms during gastrulation.

Question 3

ambulacral system

Answer 3

same as water vascular system. A characteristic of echinoderms. It is a modification of the coelom, and this closed, water-filled system forms canals and branches throughout the body. In one part, the tube feet, it acts as hydrostatic skeleton permitting locomotion.

Question 4

cardiac stomach

Answer 4

On of two stomachs (other is pyloric). Usually closest to the mouth.

Question 5

Dermal Branchia

Answer 5

External extensions of the outer epidermis and peritoneum of the echinoderm body cavity. Both the outer epidermis and inner peritoneum are lined with cilia. The surface of the dermal branchiae are important in diffusion of gases and metabolic wastes.

Question 6

deuterostome

Answer 6

Phyla, including the Chordata and Echinodermata, that share common characteristics of the blastopore–not forming the mouth, radial indeterminate cellular cleavage in the embryo, and the formation of the body cavity by enterocoelic pouching.

Question 7

digestive gland

Answer 7

Many invertebrates, including molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms, have pockets or evaginations from the main alimentary tract where specialized digestive events occur.

Question 8

Dipleurula larva

Answer 8

Uniquely shaped larval stage found in are deuterostomes. It has a ciliated band around an esophagus, stomach and anus.

Question 9

Echinodermata

Answer 9

Phylum with the following autapomorphies: water vascular system, pentaradiate symmetry, calcareous endoskeleton of stereom spicules, and mutable connective tissue.

Question 10

Enterocoelus

Answer 10

mesoderm formed by pinching off segments that eventually join together.

Question 11

Lateral canal

Answer 11

In the water vascular system, the connect the radial canals to the tube feet.

Question 12

Madreporite

Answer 12

The sievelike external opening to the water vascular system in echinoderms.

Question 13

Mutable connective tissue

Answer 13

Mutable connective tissue, or catch connective tissue, is unusual because it can change its mechanical properties from firm and stiff to flexible and soft within a few seconds to a few minutes. Collagen is part of the connective tissue, but its unusual properties are associated with stiffeners and plasticizers found in close association with collagen. Not only is this ability for change remarkable, it also appears to be under nervous control. Although mutable connective tissue is an autoapomorphy for the phylum within the echinoderms, its use is varied.

Question 14

Oral surface

Answer 14

side where the mouth is

Question 15

Ossicles

Answer 15

The small bonelike structures or plates that form the endodermal skeleton of echinoderms.

Question 16

Pedicellaria

Answer 16

Defensive pincerlike structure found on the surface of echinoderms. They are capable of responding to external stimuli independently from the main nervous system of the animal. Some complex pedicellariae are poisonous.

Question 17

Pentaradial symmetry

Answer 17

Radial symmetry based on five. This type of symmetry is unique to the Echinodermata.

Question 18

Polian vesicles

Answer 18

They are part of the water vascular system. They are bulbous cavities which maintain pressure in the system and hold reserve supplies of fluid;

Question 19

Pyloric cecum

Answer 19

Increases the overall area of the digestive epithelium. Extends into the arms of starfish. Part of the pyloric stomach.

Question 20

Pyloric stomach

Answer 20

One of two stomachs (other is cardiac). Extends into the arms of starfish (pyloric cecum).

Question 21

Radial canal

Answer 21

In Echinoderms, the ring canal connects to this before connecting to the tube feet.

Question 22

Ring canal

Answer 22

Circular canal in which filtered water enters through the madreporite and branches out into the radiated canals.

Question 23

Spines

Answer 23

Where Echinoderms get their name from. These cover their surface. Have cilia on them to brush stuff off the surface and allow for gas exchange.

Question 24

Stereom spicules

Answer 24

A three dimensional hollow array of microcrystals (made of calcium carbonate). This is what the endoskeleton of echinoderms is made of.

Question 25

Stone canal

Answer 25

Part of the water vascular system. The stone canal is right after the madreporite.

Question 26

Tiedmann bodies

Answer 26

Pouches on the radial canal of the water vascular system. They produce coelomocytes, amoeboid cells similar to the blood cells of vertebrates.

Question 27

Tripartite coelom

Answer 27

Characteristic of the deuterostome line of animals. The coelom forms with three separate compartments referred to as the protocoel, mesocoel, and metacoel.

Question 28

Tube feet

Answer 28

Hollow and fluid-filled tubes that are part of the water vascular system in Echinoderms. Muscles associated with the tube feet allow them to be hydraulically controlled and function in locomotion, attachment, food gathering, and gas exchange.

Question 29

Water vascular system

Answer 29

A characteristic of echinoderms. It is a modification of the coelom, and this closed, water-filled system forms canals and branches throughout the body. In one part, the tube feet, it acts as hydrostatic skeleton permitting locomotion.